tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21488278223636921902024-02-27T01:35:32.256+08:00Istoryadista | History Blog | Cebu BloggerIstoryadista is a personal blog that talks about current events, politics, popular culture, video games, sports, and everything you can think of.JP Canonigohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03867309680955928358noreply@blogger.comBlogger209125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2148827822363692190.post-22221342304636025452023-12-31T11:02:00.000+08:002023-12-31T11:02:33.332+08:00Cebu Urban Legend: The Dancing Sun of Carcar<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="386" data-original-width="686" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdKlJY1q-G8e1dhI6YDlZwlspK_PnQmiK-_cJdCZEYEjgsGP4W0xlAeKgK7TQniDqWj9P457T8578ZmW0pv1YNt0Q_pbnpBXlmOy9SWmumAJBEcqOa6kSvrsykLy2FwZla4sGM43D4tIQ5egoA5fYyrMkVTBjzsmwBAxyl2l_nC1I6AEUTjDGSNyMg7e67/w640-h360/dancing%20sun.jpg" width="640" /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><i>Editor's Note: Urban legends are tall tales that emerged from stories shared in small circles that eventually grow to a point where they gain a life of their own. With little or no supporting evidence, these stories are somewhat based on real events but often intertwined with outright lies and half-truths. Usually, these are passed down to the next generation and they evolved to describe some aspects of horror, humor, and even morality.</i></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><i><br /></i></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div><div>Have you ever heard about the mysterious dancing sun phenomenon that happened in the early nineties?</div><div><br /></div><div>Well, that strange event in Carcar is shrouded in mystery as it intertwined with faith, public perception, and scientific scrutiny. While the legend persists in the hearts and minds of those who were present, the quest for truth continues. Whether a meteorological quirk, a shared illusion, or a genuine miracle, the dancing sun remains an enduring enigma, challenging our understanding to this day.</div><div><br /></div><div>Let's unravel the layers of this popular urban legend by separating the myth from the facts.</div></div><div><br /></div><h2>The Origin Story</h2><div><div>There are many stories of dancing suns that have left an indelible mark across different corners of the world. One of the most renowned occurrences took place near Fatima, Portugal, in 1917. Thousands of faithful witnesses reported a mesmerizing spectacle as the sun appeared to spin, change colors, and dance in the sky for around 10 minutes. This event, known as the Miracle of the Sun, became a testament to the power of belief for many.</div><div><br /></div><div>Similar phenomena happened in places like Medjugorje in Bosnia and Herzegovina, where visions of the Virgin Mary were accompanied by reports of the sun performing extraordinary movements. These occurrences stirred both fervent belief and skeptical inquiry, blurring the line between the mystical and the scientific.</div><div><br /></div><div>Amidst these miraculous events, the quaint town of Carcar found itself thrusted into the spotlight. Inspired by the visit of the Pilgrim Virgin of Fatima in 1989, Father John Rona sought to build a shrine known as the Theotokos Center. Nestled in Perrelos, this shrine gained attention when, on September 9, 1992, the sun displayed a miraculous dance during the blessing of a statue of Our Lady of Fatima.</div><div><br /></div><div>Coincidentally, a similar phenomenon unfolded in Agoo, La Union in March 6, 1993. The heavens seemed to perform similar visual signs in these distant locations, leaving both communities awe-struck. These mysterious events marked a unique chapter in the ongoing saga of dancing suns, intertwining the threads of religious devotion and inexplicable unnatural wonders.</div></div><div><br /></div><h2>The Myth and Legend</h2><div><div>In our culture, where religion and remnants of ancient spirituality coexist, tales of the supernatural find fertile ground. The mysterious dancing sun phenomenon in Carcar, though rooted in a particular moment in 1993, became more than a mass hysteria event - it evolved into an urban legend and, for some, a haunting hoax.</div><div><br /></div><div>Embedded in the cultural fabric is a <a href="https://www.istoryadista.net/2021/04/cebu-urban-legend-higugmaa-ang-diyos.html">fatalistic "bahala na" attitude</a>, a surrender to fate deeply intertwined with a history of calamities. The Philippines, a nation accustomed to the caprices of nature, experienced economic recession, political upheaval, and natural disasters in the 90s, setting the stage for an urban legend to take root.</div><div><br /></div><div>As rotating blackouts cast shadows, the Mount Pinatubo eruption spewed uncertainty, and typhoons Ruping and Mameng wreaked havoc, a collective unease permeated the air. The socio-political landscape provided fertile ground for the birth of urban legends. Amidst the uncertainties, the dance of the sun in Carcar emerged.</div><div><br /></div><div>The 90s witnessed the rise of cults and fringe religious groups preying on these anxieties. The "end of the world" narrative, fused with indigenous lore, appealed to those grappling with the era's turmoil. More people have shown a growing fear of an impending apocalypse with doomsday expecting to tear the world apart in 2000.</div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/k9oRGnZMs4U?si=hjk0f9xmQ3zZ1M6n&controls=0" title="YouTube video player" width="560"></iframe></div><div><br /></div><div>The 1988 pastoral letter from the Catholic Bishops Conference, cautioning against the plundering of the land, echoed a sentiment that natural disasters were divine retribution. In the wake of <a href="https://www.istoryadista.net/2021/12/the-tempests-wrath-short-history-of.html">Typhoon Uring</a>, Mount Pinatubo's fury, and subsequent typhoons, the collective psyche sought solace in a return to faith. The Agoo dancing sun phenomenon, concurrent with Carcar's celestial spectacle, reinforced the perceived divine admonition.</div><div><br /></div><div>However, misinterpretations of biblical teachings during this time fueled extreme beliefs. The dance of the sun became a metaphorical dance with faith, as individuals, yearning for meaning amid chaos, inadvertently contributed to the urban legend. During the height of that dancing sun frenzy, collective interpretations added layers of mystique, intertwining the phenomena with the uncertainties of an era seeking salvation in the heavens.</div></div><div><br /></div><h2>Finding the Truth</h2><div><div>The phenomenon of the dancing sun, as witnessed in Carcar or Fatima, has sparked different interpretations — some grounded in science, others steeped in belief. As with the precedent events, many skeptics dismissed them as mass hallucination, but subsequent occurrences in Brazil, Colombia, and Bosnia Herzegovina triggered further scientific inquiries into the mysterious supernatural events. The one that happened in Carcar is no exception.</div><div><br /></div><div>Artur Wirowski from the Lodz University of Technology delves into a meteorological perspective, suggesting that high-altitude ice crystals creating "sun dogs" and bands of rainbow colors might explain these phenomena. In his investigation since 2012, Wirowski proposes that <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/news/2019/oct/14/weatherwatch-miracle-of-the-dancing-sun-may-be-a-meteorological-event">electrically charged crystals oscillating could produce effects resembling the miracle</a>. However, the mystery persists — why are sun dances reported in specific parts of the world?</div><div><br /></div><div>Scientific skeptics, such as science writer Benjamin Radford, question the authenticity of the events. Radford attributes the reported miracles to psychological factors like suggestion and pareidolia. He highlights that, logically, if the sun were truly dancing, billions worldwide would have reported it. Radford also challenges claims of miraculous drying of rainwater, pointing out inconsistencies in weather reports and the absence of photographic evidence.</div></div><div><br /></div><div><div>Theologian Lisa J. Schwebel raises further skepticism, citing the lack of consensus among witnesses and the absence of authentic photos. Witnesses' expectations and preparations, including darkening glass to view the sun, suggest a predisposition to see a miracle.</div><div><br /></div><div>The phenomenon of prolonged sun gazing causing illusions is a recurring theme. Physicist Auguste Meessen argues that optical effects, like retinal after-images and color changes, are products of staring at the sun. Meessen's analysis, presented at the International Symposium "Science, Religion, and Conscience," posits that these optical illusions might explain sun miracles worldwide.</div><div><br /></div><div>A cloud of stratospheric dust or Sahara dust, proposed by Steuart Campbell and Paul Simons respectively, offers a meteorological explanation. Campbell's hypothesis aligns with reports of a blue and reddened sun in China in 1983. Joe Nickell emphasizes that atmospheric phenomena, like sunlight refracted through clouds or moisture droplets, could create various colors and illusions.</div><div><br /></div><div>The dancing sun phenomenon, observed in diverse locations, raises questions about the interplay of meteorology, psychology, and belief systems. As science probes the skies for answers, the dance continues, casting celestial shadows on the intersection of the extraordinary and the ordinary. The Mandela Effect, where collective misremembering alters perceptions, adds another layer to this intricate cosmic ballet—did the sun truly dance, or did collective consciousness compose a celestial symphony? The mystery endures, inviting us to navigate the delicate dance between belief and scientific inquiry.</div></div><div><br /></div><div>In the pre-social media age, the Agoo and Carcar phenomenon did reach massive publicity as pilgrims and devotees from all over the country were attracted by it. However, time goes by and it all soon fizzled out. Even the people who took active part in these phenomena end up fading away into obscurity. However, that doesn't stop these dancing sun events from reappearing from our collective consciousness once in a while.</div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/swmVJNMSzFY?si=unNbmQwv97yJGmQI&controls=0" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen></iframe></div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/r-T8p0g3Wlc?si=WATtH6Yxu86p15LU&controls=0" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen></iframe></div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/42N8ZOGSAz8?si=OWOWeUnkAmeiarSo&controls=0" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen></iframe></div><div><br /></div><div>Oddly enough, some "ancient astronaut" theorists with the like of Giorgio Tsoukalos would have attributed these strange events as brought by extraterrestrials.</div><h2>Conclusion</h2><div><div>In our pursuit of understanding, let us embrace objectivity and critical inquiry. The dancing sun phenomenon, whether witnessed in Carcar, Fatima, or elsewhere, prompts us to question, explore, and seek explanations grounded in evidence. While the belief in this unnatural phenomena adds richness to our human experience, the scientific lens offers clarity.</div></div><div><br /></div><div>Let's be more discerning by digging deeper for the truth. Always understand that there will always be human motives as to why these phenomena end up being promoted as miracles with some people cashing in with the narrative.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>References:</b></div><div><div><b><a href="https://www.ucanews.com/story-archive/?post_name=/1993/04/05/cardinal-calls-a-halt-to-promotion-of-dancing-sun-phenomenon&post_id=43094">Cardinal Calls a Halt to Promotion of 'Dancing Sun' Phenomenon.</a></b> UCA News. April 4, 1993.</div><div><i><b><a href="https://www.sunstar.com.ph/more-articles/wenceslao-talking-sto-nino-icon-dancing-sun">"Wenceslao: ‘Talking’ Sto. Niño icon, dancing sun,"</a></b></i> by John Paul Pilapil. SunStar Daily. February 1, 2014.</div><div><b><a href="https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-lifestyle/2016/10/16/1633865/miracles"><i>"Miracles,"</i></a></b> by Agustin Sollano, Jr., The Freeman. October 16, 2016.</div><div><b><i><a href="https://www.quora.com/How-do-you-explain-the-miracle-of-the-dancing-sun">"How do you explain the miracle of dancing sun?"</a></i></b> Quora.</div><div><b><a href="https://carcarfamilies.wordpress.com/carcar-heritages/religion/">Carcar heritages</a></b>. Carcar Families: A Genealogy Blog for Carcar.</div><div><b><a href="https://www.wherewewalked.info/feasts/09-September/theotokos-perrelos.htm">Theotokos</a></b>. Where We Walked.</div><div><b><a href="https://www.theoldchurches.com/philippines/cebu/carcar-city/theotokos-archdiocesan-shrine-perrelos/">Theotokos Archdiocesan Shrine in Perrelos Hill, Carcar City, Cebu</a></b>. The Old Churches.</div><div><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miracle_of_the_Sun">Miracle of the Sun</a></b>. Wikipedia.</div><div><b><i><a href="https://www.upi.com/Archives/1995/09/06/Church-Philippine-miracle-a-hoax/5408810360000/">"Church: Philippine miracle a hoax,"</a></i></b> by Girlie Linao. UPI Archives. September 6, 1995.</div><div><b><i><a href="https://pop.inquirer.net/103517/the-curious-case-of-judiel-nieva">"The Curious Case of Judiel Nieva,"</a></i></b> by Jens Cequina. Pop!. January 7, 2021.</div><div><b><i><a href="https://www.pep.ph/news/kuwentong-kakaiba/157586/agoo-judiel-nieva-a738-20210331-lfrm">"'Miracle of Agoo' and visionary Judiel Nieva: Real or hoax?,"</a></i></b> by Mark Angelo Ching. PEP.ph. March 31, 2021.</div><div><b><i><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/news/2019/oct/14/weatherwatch-miracle-of-the-dancing-sun-may-be-a-meteorological-event">"Weatherwatch: miracle of the dancing sun may be a meteorological event,"</a></i></b> by David Hambling. The Guardian. October 14, 2019.</div></div></div></div>JP Canonigohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03867309680955928358noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2148827822363692190.post-34773790144605728352023-12-22T10:49:00.008+08:002023-12-22T12:49:42.954+08:00The Tragic Story Behind "Kasadya Ning Taknaa," Cebu's Beloved Christmas Song<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="832" data-original-width="1280" height="416" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUxnW_4xJxijclvQ7NakmU23iWFCouzed2gNiHBiTtu4v9PX8j0xk8JzjUGQUmE04fxu9w8mhI1hqXqB4yIK5L8P3ppvptD3Zzl6w3R2FnbA8Vh_hIxHh8AjevNFGPHrnXivBmAap_7fbopCppIwMcPB40dPMbNvcZIteWVu6nsEEa63QoqnWFNeRTIKjY/w640-h416/kasadya%20ning%20taknaa.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="640" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Vicente Rubi singing the song with children (AI generated)</td></tr></tbody></table><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.istoryadista.net/2011/12/ang-pinakahuling-pasko-ni-jose-rizal.html">Christmas is fast coming up</a> these days and we feel the holiday spirit as we hear familiar tunes from classic Christmas classics to the catchy songs of Mariah Carey and Jose Mari Chan. Yet, there's one thing that never goes out of style - the Christmas caroling staples sung by young and old alike.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">I'm talking about the ever popular <i>"Ang Pasko ay Sumapit,"</i> by <a href="https://www.esquiremag.ph/culture/music/levi-celerio-and-the-greatest-pinoy-christmas-carol-ever-a1707-20171222">National Artist Levi Celerio</a>. However, Cebuanos would surely disagree as most people have grown up listening to the real, original version <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasadya_Ning_Taknaa"><i>"Kasadya ning Taknaa"</i></a> (How Blissful is this Season) composed by Vicente Daclan Rubi and penned by Mariano Vestil. What was a joyous song of celebration from the yesteryears is shrouded by injustice and heartache. The true origin story was swept out on the corner to give way to songs that soon surpassed it in popularity.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Let's travel back into time and deep dive into the story that led into that...</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><h1 style="text-align: justify;">The Origin Story</h1><div style="text-align: justify;">The creation of this Christmas classic happened way before the more popular ones were even played. It is said that the song was inspired from the light musical plays of the time, which was the most popular forms of entertainment, especially in the provinces. The story of <i>"Kasadya ning Taknaa"</i> was born where the Rubi family lived in what is now P. Gullas Street. There was Pili-Kanipaan (now, Manalili Street) where once the grandest fiesta in Cebu would take place every December. That's where the song starting to come into life in Rubi's head.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Affectionately known as <i>"Noy Inting,"</i> Rubi was born on January 22, 1903 in the Kamagayan district where he was the youngest of four children. Their family name is already known for their musical heritage, especially in Mactan. Despite only completing his elementary education and never stepping into high school, he wielded the power of music with innate talent. In his early years, he worked as a contract labor foreman in the sugar farms of Cebu, earning the respect of his community.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/8AUKO4xFU1s?si=RYFTeYWenPEHa2J7" title="YouTube video player" width="560"></iframe></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">It was in the late 1933 when Cebuano playwright Rafael Policarpio was looking for someone to compose a song for a drama we was working on. He specifically looked for a group of people to play that song using improvised castanets (made from flattened softdrink caps or "tansans") at the gate of a big house in exchange for "pinaskuhan" (Christmas gift).</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">At that Christmas fiesta, some of the officials asked Rubi to sign up for their daygon ("caroling") competition. He teamed up with Vestil to create the winning piece. It became so popular that song became a hit in neighboring towns and islands as well as other predominantly Cebuano-speaking regions of northern Mindanao. The song resonated with the festive spirit of the season, painting vivid images of Aguinaldo masses, sikwate ("traditional cocoa drink") and puto ("rice cake") for breakfast, and the warmth of family reunions amidst carolers serenading homes. There was an infectious beat and optimism from the music that even a translation in other Filipino languages won't be able to replicate the same exultant atmosphere and vibe.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">He was not a one-hit wonder composer, he created a lot of daygon and balitaw compositions with his guitar. He had composed more than a hundred songs and among his works were <i>"Pasko Na, Among Daygon," "Nag-ambahan," "Pasko nga Halandumon,"</i> and "<i>Maglipay Kita."</i> One of his compositions, "Carmela" remained a popular Cebuano kundiman interpreted by present-day balladeers.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><h1 style="text-align: justify;">'Ispired' by Kasadya?</h1><div style="text-align: justify;">Years later in 1937, another aspiring composer <a href="https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/publicaffairs/kapusomojessicasoho/393078/meet-the-man-behind-the-song-ang-pasko-ay-sumapit/story/">Jose "Pepe" Cenizal</a> has emerged when he became a musical director position at Parlatone Hispano-Filipino. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">He was just a 17-year-old UP Conservatory of Music student and Army Navy Club bandleader at that time when he impressed the producer and got the job on the spot. Just as Parlatone was producing the movie <i>"Pugad ng Agila"</i> (1938), Cenizal was required to create marching song. The movie was about folk hero Teodoro Asedillo, a Robin Hood figure from Quezon, Laguna, and Batangas. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">He would eventually ask the help from Celerio to pen the lyrics of the music. He came up with the melody that would eventually became the one used for <i>"Ang Pasko ay Sumapit."</i> However, there lies the inconsistency of this version. If the song already existed four years earlier, he could have heard it somewhere and inspired by it. They could have created a variation of the lyrics in Tagalog to hide the fact that it came from somewhere.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Years later, another smoking gun made it even more conflicting as <a href="https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2002/05/15/160868/where-credit-due">Ivar Tulfo Gica</a>, founder-trustee of the Kultura Bisaya Foundation, Inc., stated in a letter that Villar Records "bought it rights, recorded, and credited the entire work" to Rubi and Vestil in 1950. It also inferred that the song was used as background music in the aforementioned film.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">A damning passage mentioned that <i>"Cenizal claimed he composed it, inspired by the strains from carolers on the Bantayan shorelines while he was passing through in a banca in Cebu where he evacuated during the war (1942), about a decade after it was copyrighted by Rubi and Vestil."</i> That question creates a whole new mystery, if Cenizal heard the song in 1942 then that won't prove that he copied the song that he "created" in 1937-38 even if Kasadya already existed since 1933.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The only plausible explanation if Cenizal did "copied" the song is if the song made its way to Manila before he "composed" the marching song four years later. If you compare the lyrics of both songs, the Cebuano version have a much deeper literary meaning than the Tagalog version so even if Gica may have mixed up with the dates, it's pretty clear where the provenance of the latter song came from:</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><u><b>Cebuano</b></u></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div><div><i>Kasadya ni'ng Táknaa</i></div><div><i>Dapit sa kahimayaan.</i></div><div><i>Mao ray among nakita,</i></div><div><i>Ang panagway nga masanagon.</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i>Buláhan ug buláhan</i></div><div><i>Ang tagbaláy nga giawitan.</i></div><div><i>Awit nga halandumon,</i></div><div><i>Ug sa tanang pasko magmalípayon.</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i>Bag-ong tuíg, bág-ong kinabúhì.</i></div><div><i>Dinuyogan sa átong mga pagbati.</i></div><div><i>Atong awiton ug atong laylayon</i></div><div><i>Aron magmalípayon.</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i>Kasadya ni'ng Táknaa</i></div><div><i>Dapit sa kahimayaan.</i></div><div><i>Mao ray among nakita,</i></div><div><i>Ang panagway nga masanagon.</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i>Buláhan ug buláhan</i></div><div><i>Ang tagbaláy nga giawitan.</i></div><div><i>Awit nga halandumon,</i></div><div><i>Ug sa tanang pasko magmalípayon</i></div></div><div><br /></div><div><u><b>Tagalog</b></u></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div><i>Ang Pasko ay sumapit</i></div><div><i>Tayo ay mangagsiawit</i></div><div><i>Ng magagandáng himig</i></div><div><i>Dahil sa ang Diyos ay pag-ibig</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i>Nang si Kristo'y isilang</i></div><div><i>May tatlóng haring nagsidalaw</i></div><div><i>At ang bawat isá ay nagsipaghandóg</i></div><div><i>Ng tanging alay.</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i>Bagong Taón ay magbagong-buhay</i></div><div><i>Nang lumigayà ang ating Bayan</i></div><div><i>Tayo'y magsikap upang makamtán</i></div><div><i>Natin ang kasaganaan!</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i>Tayo'y mangagsiawit</i></div><div><i>Habang ang mundó'y tahimik.</i></div><div><i>Ang araw ay sumapit</i></div><div><i>Ng Sanggól na dulot ng langit.</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i>Tayo ay magmahalan,</i></div><div><i>Ating sundín ang Gintóng Aral</i></div><div><i>At magbuhát ngayon,</i></div><div><i>Kahit hindî Paskô ay magbigayan!</i></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Cenizal's descendants have remained adamant that <i>"Ang Pasko ay Sumapit"</i> is an original composition. In a "Kapuso Mo Jessica Soho" Christmas special in 2014, Cenizal's daughter said that she wasn’t aware of <i>"Kasadya Ning Taknaa"</i> was a Christmas song at all!</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">As for Celerio, he is celebrated as <a href="https://www.esquiremag.ph/culture/music/levi-celerio-and-the-greatest-pinoy-christmas-carol-ever-a1707-20171222">the man who created the greatest Filipino Christmas carol ever</a>. He gained international fame for his ability to literally make music with a leaf. At the height of his fame, US TV shows "The Merv Griffin Show" and "That's Incredible!" invited him to perform his leaf routine. At some point, the Guinness Book of World Records listed him as "the only leaf player in the world."</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Apart from Gica, there are other personalities who claimed that other people's works from <a href="https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2014/12/01/1397575/true-story-behind-ang-pasko-ay-sumapit-other-filipino-songs">Rosas Pandan to Tinikling</a> were either wrongly-credited to Celerio or simply plagiarized.</div><h1 style="text-align: justify;">Contrasting Fortunes</h1><div style="text-align: justify;"><div>Despite the song's success, Rubi faced a painful experience when his masterpiece was unfairly credited to other composers in the form of the translation <i>"Ang Pasko Ay Sumapit."</i> Cenizal went on to become a successful composer while Celerio was elevated to National Artist in 1997.</div><div><br /></div><div><div>Rubi entered into an agreement with the Manila-based Mareco Recording Company in 1950, selling his song to them. As part of the deal, he received an advance payment of fifty pesos and was promised three centavos for each record sold. Mareco's records indicated that Rubi's composition sold 62,812 copies from 1966 to 1975. However, in 1967, Rubi only received P110.25 in royalties, a stark contrast to the P1,994.63 he was rightfully owed.</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.philstar.com/cebu-entertainment/2007/02/20/385966/vicente-rubi-and-story-kasadya">Ludivina Rubi Najarro</a>, Rubi's daughter, remembered that their family never received further royalties. In 1976, Rubi took legal action against Mareco in a Quezon City court. Unfortunately, the case was dismissed because Rubi lacked the financial means to travel to Manila. Subsequently, Rubi's lawyer, Ramon Ceniza, revealed that while Mareco had checks prepared for Rubi, the company made no effort to locate him despite his family's relocation.</div><div><br /></div><div>In the same year, Rubi sought copyright protection from the National Library, only to be informed that the song had already entered the public domain as it had been accessible before his petition, as outlined in Article II, Section 10 of Presidential Decree 49, the law on the protection of intellectual property.</div><div><br /></div><div>Undeterred, Ceniza persisted. In 1979, he filed another case before a Cebu court, securing an exemption for Rubi from litigation fees due to financial constraints. The case reached its resolution nearly two decades later, in 1998, when the court ruled that Mareco owed Rubi P1,884.34, the outstanding balance for the period from 1966 to 1975. Ludivina revealed that her father, undeterred by his health, continued composing until his final days, even urging her to pursue the legal battle on his deathbed.</div></div><div><br /></div><div>Incredibly, Rubi made his last song <i>"Mahanaw ang Tanan"</i> just before he died from prostate cancer in November 12, 1980.</div><div><br /></div><h1>Final Thoughts</h1><div>Rubi's contributions to Cebuano music were posthumously recognized by various entities, including Cebu City Mayor Florentino Solon and the Cebu Arts Foundation. The Jose R. Gullas Awards honored him alongside <i>"Matud Nila"</i> composer Ben Zubiri. Although he died with little material wealth, Vicente Rubi left a priceless and timeless gift to his family and the Filipino people – the joyous and enduring melody of <i>"Kasadya Ning Taknaa,"</i> which continues to make Christmas merrier and brighter to this day.</div><div><br /></div><div>Even to this day, he remains a largely forgotten man for all the cultural contributions he did. Most people know Jose Mari Chan as the face of Filipino Christmas but if we come to think of it, he should be the one.</div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>References:</b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div><i><b><a href="https://www.esquiremag.ph/culture/music/was-pasko-na-naman-stolen-from-two-cebuano-musicians-a1729-20180103-lfrm">"Was "Ang Pasko Ay Sumapit" Stolen From Two Cebuano Musicians?,"</a></b></i> by Nicai de Guzman. Esquire. January 3, 2018.</div><div><i><b><a href="https://www.philstar.com/cebu-entertainment/2007/02/20/385966/vicente-rubi-and-story-kasadya">"Vicente Rubi and the story of "Kasadya","</a></b></i> by Garry Lao. The Freeman. February 20, 2007.</div><div><a href="https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2002/05/15/160868/where-credit-due"><i><b>"Where credit is due,"</b></i></a> by Ricardo Lo. The Philippine Star. May 15, 2002.</div><div><a href="https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2014/12/01/1397575/true-story-behind-ang-pasko-ay-sumapit-other-filipino-songs"><i><b>"The true story behind Ang Pasko ay Sumapit, other Filipino songs,"</b></i></a> by Ricardo Lo. The Philippine Star. December 1, 2014.</div><div><a href="https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/opinion/2014/12/02/1398226/clarification-kasadya-ning-taknaa"><i><b>"A clarification on Kasadya ning Taknaa,"</b></i></a> by Bobit Avila. The Freeman. December 2, 2014.</div><div><b><i><a href="https://opinion.inquirer.net/80423/bogus-carol">"Bogus carol,"</a></i></b> by Juan Mercado. The Philippine Daily Inquirer. November 25, 2014.</div><div><b><a href="https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/publicaffairs/kapusomojessicasoho/393078/meet-the-man-behind-the-song-ang-pasko-ay-sumapit/story/">Meet the man behind the song ‘Ang Pasko ay Sumapit’</a></b>. GMA News Online. December 18, 2014.</div><div><i><b><a href="https://www.esquiremag.ph/culture/music/levi-celerio-and-the-greatest-pinoy-christmas-carol-ever-a1707-20171222">"The Man Who Wrote The Greatest Filipino Christmas Carol Ever,"</a></b></i> by F. Valencia. Esquire. December 22, 2017.</div><div><b><i><a href="https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/652302/unknown-man-behind-ph-immortal-yuletide-music-ang-pasko-ay-sumapit-is-98">"Unknown man behind PH immortal yuletide music ‘Ang Pasko Ay Sumapit’ is 98,"</a></i></b> by Tina Arceo-Dumlao. The Philippine Daily Inquirer. November 23, 2014.</div><div><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasadya_Ning_Taknaa">Kasadya Ning Taknaa.</a></b> Wikipedia.</div><div><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Filipino_Christmas_carols_and_songs"><b>List of Filipino Christmas carols and songs.</b></a> Wikipedia.</div><div><br /></div></div>JP Canonigohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03867309680955928358noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2148827822363692190.post-35525557382529777452023-12-11T10:51:00.003+08:002023-12-12T09:06:57.334+08:00The Untold Story of the Lost 'Darna' of Indonesia<div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="540" data-original-width="960" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggVtZNNzttTzIuZ864tnOjxKNYtE-iF9nuPLlUgCasMJPPrNQ9Femg3lV4w4UMz1_V55dI2MVN0sTjwZLAWwBfL3ea6PoAkl-jeQMngUUCiejDF5bxvTKyGYcLEswRpm-9iltwq0vVuzZQ-yqck78-cpPB9NAwPxegHlg-3UF6fYOL4pPN8VamnFyd17h2/w640-h360/darna%20ajaib.jpg" width="640" /></div><br /><div>Many of us grew up knowing about the adventures of our favorite superheroine <b>Darna</b> in classic Pinoy komiks and later on the big screen. The iconic character was created by <a href="https://pelikulaatbp.blogspot.com/2009/07/mars-ravelo-1916-1988.html">prolific comic book writer <b>Mars Ravelo</b></a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nestor_Redondo">artist <b>Nestor Redondo</b></a> for <i>Pilipino Komiks</i> issue 77 on May 13, 1950. It was actually reimagination of an older Ravelo character named <b>Varga</b>, which he also written and illustrated. It pre-dated Darna as it appeared in <i>Bulaklak Magazine</i>, volume 4 issue 17, on July 23, 1947.</div><div><br /></div><div>The larger-than-life superheroine has outgrown her comic book universe and she later appeared in many films and TV series through the decades. Several actresses have portrayed Darna including the likes of Rosa del Rosario, Liza Moreno, Eva Montes, Gina Pareño, Vilma Santos, Lorna Tolentino, Rio Locsin, Sharon Cuneta, Nanette Medved, Anjanette Abayari, Regine Velasquez, Angel Locsin, Marian Rivera, Iza Calzado and Jane De Leon.</div><div><br /></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/eZBF0CpOHEw?si=OrTXSySpR-oESufw" title="YouTube video player" width="560"></iframe></div><div><br /></div></div><div>However, there is one version of Darna that went beyond our shores and even had a movie of her own - <b><a href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt8591966/">Darna Ajaib</a></b> ("The Wonderful Darna"). If the Filipino comics adopt Marvel and DC Comic's multiverse then this would be the one. Produced in Indonesia for their own domestic film industry, the film was one of the many superhero films during the golden age of Indonesian exploitation films in the late 1970s and early 1990s. In fact, it's the only superheroine film they had.</div><div><br /></div><div>As one of the oldest and more developed film industry in the region, it won't be a surprise to see some of our most iconic films ending up influencing another country's film industry. After all, imitation is the sincerest form of flattery. Interestingly, the Indonesian Darna was even introduced to foreign festivals (Canada, South Korea) later on its film showing history. And everything has gone full circle when our Darna (2022 TV series) was <a href="https://ent.abs-cbn.com/articles-news/abs-cbn-brings-mars-ravelos-darna-to-indonesia-and-viral-scandal-to-africa-18856">finally shown on Indonesian TV</a> before it was <a href="https://mb.com.ph/2023/01/27/abs-cbn-clears-alleged-cancellation-of-darna-in-indonesia/">unceremoniously cancelled</a>.</div><div><br /></div><h1>The Socio-Political Milieu</h1><div><div>The phenomenon of Indonesian exploitation films, including the creation of the Indonesian version of Darna, known as Darna Ajaib, can be attributed to the broader context of the country's film industry during the golden age of Indonesian exploitation films in the late 1970s and early 1990s.</div><div><br /></div><div>Indonesian exploitation films of that era were known for their high adrenaline violence, sexuality, and a fusion of Western cinema elements with traditional folkloric and mythological stories. These films represented a unique form of cinema in Southeast Asia, with a focus on surrealistic, fantastical horror populated by shape-shifting martial arts warriors, demon-sorceresses, and other supernatural elements.</div><div><br /></div><div>The genre provided a distinct regional identity to Indonesian cinema, offering a cinematic experience unlike any other. These films often explored traditional folklore, archetypes, and themes, blending them with Western influences to create a cinematic style that resonated with local audiences. Some filmmakers have used the medium as a platform to hide political messages against the long-standing regime of President Suharto, which also coincided with that of President Ferdinand Marcos.</div><div><br /></div><h2>Influence of Filipino Cinema</h2><div>The popularity and influence of the Filipino superheroine Darna were widespread, not only in the Philippines but also in neighboring countries. Darna's character, with its superhero origin, transformation ability, mission to fight evil, and connections to family, became a template that could be adapted to suit the cultural nuances of other regions.</div><div><br /></div><div>The success of Darna in Filipino cinema may have inspired Indonesian filmmakers to create their own version, particularly during a period when exploitation films were thriving and filmmakers were experimenting with various genres and narratives.</div><div><br /></div><h2>Horror Trends</h2><div>The broader context of Indonesian horror trends, characterized by a shift from psychological horror to supernatural horror, played a role in shaping the narrative of Darna Ajaib. The film incorporated elements of Indonesian mysticism, horror, and teenage relationships.</div><div><br /></div><div>The film's narrative, featuring a clash between the protagonist's powers and sinister forces, aligned with the prevalent themes in Indonesian horror films, where supernatural battles and moral choices were explored.</div></div><div><br /></div><h1>The Indonesian Darna</h1><div>Before Darna Ajaib went on the big screen, there was an Indonesian comic of the same name by artist Armin Tanjung, which was obviously inspired by Ravelo's most famous work. It was later picked up for film adaptation by <a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilik_Sudjio">director Lilik Sudjio</a>, who was also noted for his works copying foreign superhero films and tailored it to fit to Indonesian horror film fans at that time. Hundreds of films were produced during the decade that included Tarsan Retired (1976), Zorro Kemayoran (1976), and Gundala Putra Lightning (1981). Indonesian horror movies gained popularity globally in the early 1980s, featuring a mix of witchcraft, mystical martial arts, and gory scenes. In fact, the poster for Darna Ajaib is basically taken from the <a href="https://m.media-amazon.com/images/M/MV5BMTg4MWU4M2QtNGMwMS00YjU3LWJjMTQtNjE5OWZlYWFjMzQ4XkEyXkFqcGdeQWFybm8@._V1_.jpg">1978 Superman movie</a> (starring Christopher Reeve) including the pose and font used.</div><div><br /></div><div>It's not a surprise that the Indonesian Darna would have departed from its Filipino origin story and geared toward a more mystical and dark magic kind of narrative. It may have been influenced by Ravelo's iconic character, they have reinvented it as their own. In fact, some Indonesian articles have made comparison with Wonder Woman (created by the American psychologist and writer William Moulton Marston and artist Harry G. Peter in 1941) instead of the Filipino Darna.</div><div><br /></div><div>By comparison:</div><div><br /></div><div><div><b>1. Superhero Origin from External Source:</b> Both the Filipino Darna and the Indonesian Darna Ajaib gain their powers from external, supernatural sources. The Filipino Darna gets her powers from a celestial object, a white stone from the sky, while the Indonesian Darna Ajaib's powers come from a magical membrane that wraps around her when she was born.</div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="320" data-original-width="400" height="512" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTyy9BnU-BrFF9VTerR8JU6Sb_in0nAVSr9Ausg5s59S8_ZohG2nvPIixUKWRkaqic2CqzEYn7VCH8dkw4Z-cdSNTTpAQ3fk9_jx-wFresRPut7lSA4U81811AvvZ0vSqBX2z2MEhrAQiCEb9HQqC0yEzENPLSHBgztMW-KmCdWK1bVDwcpdECB5-oVnxF/w640-h512/darna%20flying.jpeg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="640" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Darna flying over Jakarta</td></tr></tbody></table><div><br /></div><div><b>2. Transformation Ability:</b> In both cases, the protagonist has the ability to transform from their ordinary human form into a powerful superhero. The Filipino Darna transforms by saying her name, and the Indonesian Darna Ajaib has extraordinary powers that she obtained from a magical membrane.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>3. Mission to Fight Evil:</b> Both characters have a mission to face and combat forces of darkness and evil that afflict their respective worlds. They are sent to Earth with a purpose to use their powers for the greater good.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>4. Adoption:</b> The main characters, Narda in the Filipino version and Malia in the Indonesian version, are both adopted. They are raised by caring guardians after being orphaned or abandoned.</div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="200" data-original-width="250" height="512" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgv5Sox0LAWpsGOaOIvYra6F1axSDmZYKoE-iMyosr0WVOwOUqgWP7UTrTA71MBBMVR_Z1gU81Ck-0KasONcJ8EaalRQu3irjDFLw1seD92bEuwUA4Czlrvy2DIgOMmjwc22SQaZnqQbPW-Tsbp7fjHSYOcgw6hu9fpoJxOcZJQH5Sv9biKVNU8k3qTkUuw/w640-h512/darna%20face.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="640" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Indonesian Darna wore costume with symbols tied up to indigenous mysticism</td></tr></tbody></table><div><br /></div><div><b>5. Connection with Family:</b> The characters in both versions have connections to their families, whether biological or adopted. There are elements of family tragedy and mystery surrounding their origins.</div></div><div><br /></div><div><b>6. Setting and Background:</b> The settings and backgrounds of the stories are different. The Filipino Darna's story is set in the provincial town of Masambong, while the Indonesian Darna Ajaib's story is set in the city of Jakarta.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>7. Friends and Relationships:</b> The relationships and dynamics between the characters vary. In the Filipino version, Narda has a brother named Ding, and her relationships with her family are explored. In the Indonesian version, Malia, Darna, and Doddy form a trio of close friends, and romantic elements are introduced as they grow into teenagers.</div><div><br /></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="320" data-original-width="400" height="512" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrJ08gygPgahhVRXuM9Z3Qufk1goxbqeTiewsXSnaVPYuUxeiosetOQSspkRz2ZNtFbVOtNEFaZluJsw5y1XKp6wifwlS7rpmPYC5jhE3piPJFxHVhybdKQWlbg7LfEsdThrzNoCymcr-lk1Yh0V70DduBDiteW_s4rCUOICUkSNd8lHmo-iM3O881x6uR/w640-h512/darna%20capturing%20criminal.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="640" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Just like our Darna, she also fought bad guys</td></tr></tbody></table><div><br /></div></div><div><b>8. Nature of their Powers:</b> Both the Filipino and Indonesian versions have superhuman strength, speed, and flight. However, Darna Ajaib has more mystical qualities that the Filipino version doesn't have - like the ability to shape shift.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>9. Evil Origins:</b> The source of the evil that the characters face differs. In the Indonesian version, Malia's true parents are mentioned as evil demon giants who order her to kill anyone who hurts her, including her friends. This adds a layer of complexity to the moral choices the characters must make.</div><div><br /></div><h1>The Origin Story</h1><div><div>"Darna Ajaib" begins with two seemingly unrelated events in different parts of the world. Lastri, who lived in a village and was barren, miraculously becomes pregnant and gives birth to a daughter with the body of a cobra. Frightened by the unusual appearance of her child, Lastri dies, and her husband is killed by an evil force. Simultaneously, in Jakarta, Dewo's wife, pregnant for an extended period, gives birth to a daughter surrounded by strange phenomena, including blooming flowers and a magical membrane.</div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="320" data-original-width="400" height="512" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEii-q9Q0yVE7mdzypNYuVVIABysv7zxq48s4rgUdLWHY4fEnwHakyZb17BuTnxnCz3zkJ7J-mSOzcrb_byClh_s2AOHsTRsIN2khiT7YaUcO680g2mnpiXRuzuZ0nQxRB7OqfazwHtK2DMInhkrgshe7YjCgkMQvDivgFBVT5NXUUlJAs6k1YQe65IbTAZ-/w640-h512/darna%20born.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="640" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Darna and her evil counterparts were born with opposite circumstances</td></tr></tbody></table><div><br /></div><div>Twelve years later, Lastri's daughter, now named Malia, is adopted by her uncle and aunt. Malia possesses unknown and dangerous powers, prompting her to flee to Jakarta. In the city, she attends school and becomes close friends with Darna, Dewo's daughter, and Doddy. As teenagers, Malia, Darna, and Doddy experience romantic feelings, creating a complex dynamic among them.</div><div><br /></div><div>Malia's strange powers resurface, leading to tragic consequences, including the death of Doddy's female cousin and eventually Doddy's mother. Malia discovers her true demonic parents, who command her to kill anyone who harms her, including her friends. Meanwhile, Darna learns about her extraordinary powers obtained from a magical membrane in a necklace.</div><div><br /></div><div>As the relationships among Malia, Darna, and Doddy become entangled with jealousy and conflicts, the story unfolds into a tale of supernatural battles and moral choices. Malia's sinister powers and Darna's superhero abilities clash, leading to a confrontation between the two friends. Darna faces the challenge of choosing between her friendship with Malia and eradicating the evil inherited from Malia's demonic father.</div><div><br /></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="320" data-original-width="400" height="512" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRptLS4Y-QmwoebTEStTgfhyphenhyphenD1tbQHB32grEf1M8twQtIDlcKlRb94JMwDkoZwst0LvXYVoRYUlF43SYNc_EebGVZjFIigIXOSjkxmNDY5YK9NDF_K8PxyqWbBETGlMwR370YaFv4GroJIU4I0NC3BLYUfUjSN625yBJxKF9hXO_iF_HXLxWfDVZ9JANfx/w640-h512/darna%20cobra%20face.jpeg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="640" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Malia shows the evil in her</td></tr></tbody></table><div><br /></div></div><div>The narrative is characterized by its unique blend of Indonesian mysticism, horror elements, and the exploration of teenage relationships. "Darna Ajaib" takes the familiar Darna mythos and infuses it with a level of creepiness, creating an engaging story that combines Pinoy superhero goofiness with Indonesian freakiness. The film culminates in a showdown between Darna and the forces of evil, showcasing the protagonist's strength and determination in the face of supernatural threats.</div></div><div><br /></div><h1>The Face Behind Darna</h1><div><div><b><a href="https://www.inews.id/lifestyle/seleb/perjalanan-lydia-kandou">Lydia Kandou</a></b> was born to Rei Petrus Kandou and Maria Jacoba Petronella Giezekamp on February 21, 1963, in Jakarta. She is of mixed Indonesian-Dutch heritage with Filipino, Indian, and Minahasan lineage. She began her career as a model and transitioned to acting at the age of 16. Her debut in Has Manan's "Wanita Segala Zaman" marked the beginning of a prolific career that spanned over 20 films in the next five years.</div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="189" data-original-width="267" height="453" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYKqKg_MwMdWETcVsBDFWCMBdzHnQvhptH4ZVpOg8DnfSERpMDJwLM1qYtYBHSrm_aXiAjyzF0p_YSZCmBBLgFc6r8zYUziahUKd9BoAo8xqK5L8RVWL5eb79RSlD-iZ3g5FUWQX6fTAVVWPxq8L20zVDFJrk9BGKuwFiJtMgakksLfxLEquMRtH3CFMyU/w640-h453/lydia%20kandou.jpg" width="640" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Lydia Kandou (left) portrayed the titular character</td></tr></tbody></table><div><br /></div><div>Kandou's filmography includes diverse roles, from playing Chrisye's love interest in Syamsul Fuad's "Seindah Rembulan" to collaborating with the comedy troupe Warkop. Her talent was recognized when she received her first Citra Award nomination for Best Leading Actress at the 1984 Indonesian Film Festival.</div><div><br /></div><div>In 1986, Kandou married Muslim singer-actor Jamal Mirdad in a civil service, sparking sensational news due to their interfaith marriage. The government did not recognize their marriage until 1995, leading to extensive legal discussions.</div><div><br /></div><div>Despite the downturn in the Indonesian film industry in the early 1990s, Kandou continued to thrive. She received critical acclaim for her lead role in Nyak Abbas Akup's "Boneka dari Indiana," earning her first Citra Award win. Her career expanded to television, where she became a regular on shows like "Gara-Gara" and "Selendang Sutra Biru."</div><div><br /></div><div>After a hiatus from feature films, Kandou made a return in 2004 with "d'Trex" and "Ketika." In 2011, she starred in the comedy "Kejarlah Jodoh Kau Kutangkap," referencing her earlier work.</div><div><br /></div><div>Beyond her professional achievements, Kandou's personal life, including her marriage to Jamal Mirdad and their legal struggles, added to her public persona. She filed for divorce from Mirdad in 2013, and the couple has four children together.</div><div><br /></div><div>Lydia Kandou's portrayal of Darna Ajaib in the film contributed to her diverse and accomplished career in the Indonesian entertainment industry. Her ability to tackle various roles and her historic wins at the Piala Citra solidify her legacy as a respected and influential figure in Indonesian cinema.</div></div><div><br /></div><div><b><u>References:</u></b></div><div><b><u><br /></u></b></div><div><div><b><a href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt8591966/">Darna ajaib</a>.</b> IMDB.</div><div><b><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darna_Ajaib">Darna ajaib</a>. </b>Wikipedia Indonesia.</div><div><b><a href="https://p2k.stekom.ac.id/ensiklopedia/Darna_Ajaib">Darna Ajaib</a>. </b>Universitas STEKOM Semarang.</div><div><b><a href="https://www.biff.kr/eng/html/archive/arc_history_view.asp?1=1&kind=history&pyear=2008&m_idx=13333">Darna Ajaib</a>. </b>Busan International Film Festival.</div><div><b><a href="https://www.indonesianfilmcenter.com/filminfo/detail/2319/darna-ajaib">Darna Ajaib</a>.</b> Indonesian Film Center.</div><div><b><a href="https://diedangerdiediekill.blogspot.com/2010/03/darna-ajaib-indonesia-1980.html">Darna Ajaib (Indonesia, 1980)</a>. </b>Die, Danger, Die, Die, Kill.</div><div><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydia_Kandou">Lydia Kandou</a>.</b> Wikipedia.</div><div><i><a href="https://www.inews.id/lifestyle/seleb/perjalanan-lydia-kandou"><b>"Perjalanan Lydia Kandou, Artis Blasteran Belanda Filipina Memulai Karier dari Bintang Iklan,"</b></a></i> by Lintang Tribuana. iNews.id.</div><div><a href="https://pelikulaatbp.blogspot.com/search?q=darna"><b>Selected Darna-related articles</b></a>. Pelikula, Atbp.: 100 Years of Philippine Cinema 1919-2019.</div><div><b><a href="https://www.spectacletheater.com/jakarta-screams-horror-exploitation-cinema-of-indonesia/">Jakarta Screams: Horror & Exploitation Cinema of Indonesia</a>. </b>Spectacle Theater.</div><div><b><i><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23311983.2023.2268396#:~:text=From%201970%E2%80%932000%2C%20most%20Indonesian,experienced%20its%20most%20productive%20period.">"Deconstructing fear in Indonesian cinema: Diachronic analysis of antagonist representations in half a century of Indonesian horror films 1970-2020,"</a></i></b> by Justito Adiprasetio. Cogent Arts & Humanities.</div><div><b><i><a href="https://cinemapoetica.com/indonesian-film-culture-in-1970s-and-1980s-malaysia/">"Indonesian Film Culture in 1970s and 190s Malaysia,"</a></i> </b>by Norman Yusoff. Cinemapoetica.</div><div><b><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9axbh6DKdG0&pp=ygUdZXhwbG9pdGF0aW9uIGNpbmVtYSBpbmRvbmVzaWE%3D">Blood, Guts, and Bad Acting: Inside the Indonesian B Movies of the 1980s</a>.</b> YouTube.</div><div><b><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PlT0_9Mj9UM">Destination Jakarta, a short history of Indonesian exploitation cinema</a>.</b> YouTube.</div><div><b><a href="https://ent.abs-cbn.com/articles-news/abs-cbn-brings-mars-ravelos-darna-to-indonesia-and-viral-scandal-to-africa-18856">ABS-CBN brings Darna to Indonesia</a>.</b> ABS-CBN.</div><div><b><i><a href="https://mb.com.ph/2023/01/27/abs-cbn-clears-alleged-cancellation-of-darna-in-indonesia/">"ABS-CBN clears alleged cancellation of 'Darna' in Indonesia,"</a></i></b> by Stephanie Bernardino. Manila Bulletin.</div><div><br /></div></div></div>JP Canonigohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03867309680955928358noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2148827822363692190.post-10956897759799922652023-11-30T10:06:00.008+08:002023-11-30T10:47:46.581+08:00The Unwritten Chapters: FIFA's Lost World Cups of 1942 and 1946<div style="text-align: justify;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="613" data-original-width="1000" height="392" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZT3_Umeuqninp6kJZKwE2ETIaQrH0VajxxACn97XH4fRaghabqSUGUdxNVoLR-tSmHKg8HB8MZC_PbLPp0m5esatsAFDSxAmjB9taxD34wNGdrNA9FydZinhzSbEwqKvK7eYZvpSuiWhN0khSEImPI0Wh0qETSKgIp_yPxTpD7ZDIliBm4VjTjrrGL7Qj/w640-h392/lost%20world%20cup.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="640" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">What was the Jules Rimet trophy doing in Patagonia in 1942? (c) Il Nobile Calcio</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div><i>Editor's Note: Just as the qualifying rounds of the 2026 FIFA World Cup in the United States, Canada, and Mexico kick-off, there were intriguing chapters in the <a href="https://www.johnpaulcanonigo.com/2022/11/is-hosting-fifa-world-cup-still-worth-it.html">history of the world's most prestigious global sports tournament</a> that are shrouded in mystery. The 12-year gap that separated the 1938 and the 1950 editions was brought about by the unprecedented devastation and chaos of World War II, the uncertainties of early postwar reconstruction, and the rising tension of the Cold War. That's the official narrative as far as we are all concerned. Yet, there are stories that tell a different thing - there were the unofficial staging of the 1942 and 1946 FIFA World Cup. One place is where you would least likely expect.</i></div><div><br /></div><div><div>In the annals of football history lies a tale seldom told — the story of FIFA's lost World Cups. A captivating narrative suspended in the tumultuous backdrop of global war and rising tensions of a new one, this controversial story unveils the hypothetical destinies of two tournaments, slated for 1942 in Germany and 1946 in Brazil, that never saw the light of day. As we unravel the threads of this intriguing saga, we traverse the <a href="https://www.istoryadista.net/2019/11/manila-xi-forgotten-football-tours-of.html">early history of international football</a>, where the seeds of global competition were sown amidst the Olympic Games. The rise of fascism casts a shadow over potential host nations, altering the course of football's premier event.</div><div><br /></div><div>Through the lens of what could have been, we delve into the imagined landscapes of the 1942 FIFA World Cup in Germany and the 1946 FIFA World Cup in Brazil. Who were the favorites, and which cities would have hosted these historic tournaments? Amid the chaos of war, unofficial World Cups emerged, leaving an indelible mark on football history.</div><div><br /></div><div>In the midst of uncertainties and speculations, we contemplate the burning question: Which country would have claimed victory in the lost FIFA World Cups?</div></div><div><br /></div><h1>Early History</h1><div><div>The origin story of global football competition can be traced back to the venerable stages of the Summer Olympics, where the beautiful game took its first tentative steps onto the international scene. In the inaugural modern Olympic Games in Athens in 1896, football was notably absent, as the sport's global reach was still in its nascent stages. Nevertheless, historical records suggest that an unofficial football tournament might have been organized during these Games, featuring teams from Athens and Smyrna (Izmir), then part of the Ottoman Empire. However, this claim has been contested by some, including Bill Mallon, who asserts it as an error perpetuated in various texts.</div><div><br /></div><h2>International Football at the Olympics</h2><div>It wasn't until the 1900 and 1904 Olympic Games, as well as the Intercalated Games of 1906, that football tournaments were contested. However, these early competitions involved various clubs and scratch teams, lacking the true international character that would later define the World Cup. Despite the International Olympic Committee (IOC) recognizing the 1900 and 1904 tournaments as official Olympic events, FIFA does not endorse this view, and the Intercalated Games are also not acknowledged today. Notably, in 1906, teams from Great Britain, Germany, Austria, the Netherlands, and France withdrew from an unofficial competition, leaving Denmark, Smyrna, Athens, and Thessaloniki to vie for glory, with Denmark emerging victorious.</div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="580" data-original-width="840" height="442" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjreHtKgFPpc92qcybsyottHJFQVrIPqpgwFpCSfusOvDgJTgcpko5u28-SdydsfiT-6vq-6RN2WjmGh8Y2n6TL21UMsQkAPhK05_4zlI-imlw22ZA3Jfr1Y8CFAeNgZzGPIikx6PsJfwkWbU6Z2RK3AtG91ua84uue83_45LymxtCgPmV-Yi-O-av2Py8y/w640-h442/London_1908_English_Amateur_Football_National_Team.jpg" width="640" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The 1908 Olympics was the first time national teams competed</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div>A pivotal moment arrived in the London Games of 1908 when the Football Association organized a proper international tournament featuring six teams. By 1912, the number of participating teams increased to eleven, with the Swedish Football Association taking charge of the organization. However, these early matches were often unbalanced, as evidenced by high-scoring games. Notable performances included Sophus Nielsen and Gottfried Fuchs, each scoring ten goals in a single match. The matches strictly adhered to amateurism, a reflection of the Olympic rules of the time, <a href="https://www.istoryadista.net/2022/07/can-we-create-sustainable-football.html">prohibiting countries from fielding their full senior national teams</a>.</div><div><br /></div><div>England secured convincing victories in the first two official Olympic football tournaments in 1908 and 1912, defeating Denmark on both occasions. The amateur nature of the contests meant that players, including some English members, were associated with professional clubs, such as Ivan Sharpe of Derby County, Harold Walden of Bradford City, and Vivian Woodward of Chelsea.</div><div><br /></div><h2>Uruguay as "World Champions"</h2><div>The 1920s witnessed a transformative period for global football, particularly with the rise of Uruguay. The 1920 final against Belgium saw a significant protest as the Czechoslovakia national football team walked off the field to contest the refereeing of John Lewis and the militarized atmosphere in Antwerp. However, the 1924 and 1928 Summer Olympics marked a turning point, with Uruguay emerging as a dominant force in international football.</div><div><br /></div><div>In the 1924 Olympics, Uruguay secured victory in the final against Switzerland with a resounding 3–0 scoreline. Four years later, in 1928, football took center stage as the most popular event at the games. The final, an all-South American affair, witnessed Uruguay triumph over Argentina with a 2–1 scoreline. This event is often regarded as "football's first world championship," as no other major international tournament existed at the time.</div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="716" data-original-width="1200" height="382" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXfH_41dcTXDamlfg-i7TBdbfx1mpMuI0mibORIE7a0R4Ivf0S9cI0WNGuIn7R39QEh5-IguzU1nit_lVcQXgIjjRcvX_Irgt5ocF8eGCLiWjtf0eEW89UZCL0dMpWigdgOa3dp9HFowoZdXp4ZnBymuppatubquEst3cjj3vbg4vI6yAV5pHJ_bcxgD-Q/w640-h382/Uruguay_national_football_team_1930.jpg" width="640" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The back-to-back Olympic gold medallists were the inaugural World Cup winners</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div>These tournaments prompted FIFA to reevaluate the role of the Olympics in representing the true strength of international football. The limitations imposed by the Olympic movement, which allowed only amateurs to participate, hindered nations from competing on equal footing. Inspired by the growing popularity of international soccer, FIFA envisioned the need for a dedicated international tournament, leading to the establishment of the World Cup.</div><div><br /></div><div>The culmination of this vision occurred in 1930 when Uruguay hosted the inaugural FIFA World Cup, marking a historic moment in football history. The tournament saw Uruguay emerge as the first official world champions, winning all four of their games with a combined score of 15–1.</div><div><br /></div><h2>The Rise of Fascism</h2><div>The success of the World Cup prompted subsequent editions in 1934 (Italy) and 1938 (France). However, the dark clouds of fascism began to cast a long shadow over the future of World Cup hosting. The rise of fascist regimes, particularly in Germany, had profound implications for the trajectory of the World Cup. The 1942 and 1946 editions were initially slated to be hosted by Germany and Brazil, respectively. The unfolding political landscape, with World War II on the horizon, cast doubt on the feasibility of these events. The impact of fascism on the world of football would be felt in subsequent years, influencing the choices of host nations and leaving an indelible mark on the sport's history.</div><div><br /></div><div>The specter of war not only deprived the world of the 1942 and 1946 World Cups but also disrupted the football schedule for the Summer Olympics, which would have taken place in 1940 (Tokyo or Helsinki) and 1944 (London) had global conflict not intervened. As we delve into the hypothetical scenarios of the lost World Cups, the geopolitical backdrop of fascism becomes a crucial element in understanding the unfolding narrative of football's interrupted legacy.</div></div><div><br /></div><h1>Hosting the Next World Cup</h1><div>Just as Italy celebrated their great victory at the 1938 World Cup in France, there was great expectation that the Azzurri would win it again in four years' time. No one had foreseen the outbreak of World War II even though conflicts had already started in faraway lands - the Italian invasion of Ethiopia in 1936 and the Marco Polo Bridge incident in 1937. At the same time, <a href="https://www.istoryadista.net/2013/04/killing-adolf-hitler-ultimate-time.html">Nazi Germany already annexed the Rhineland and completed Anschluss with Austria</a> by then. There was an air of appeasement all around so hosting the next World Cup would have gone to Germany by 1942.</div><div><br /></div><div>Nothing wrong with that, right? Well, Europe was plunged into war after September 1, 1939, as German tanks and planes blitzed through Poland and eventually conquered most of the continent. Then <a href="https://www.istoryadista.net/2011/12/day-of-infamy-what-if-december-7-1941.html">Japan bombed Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941</a>, to plunge the whole world into a global war. By 1942, the Axis Powers were pushing the Allies to the brink.</div><div><br /></div><div><div>The staging of the FIFA World Cup in 1942 faced considerable uncertainty and disruption. Even before Adolf Hitler became the undisputed leader of Germany, there was an official bid to host the tournament and a proposal was submitted at the 23rd FIFA Congress held on August 13, 1936, in Berlin. Concurrently, Brazil entered the fray by expressing its intent to host the prestigious event in June 1939.</div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/nufXVs6Jkvk?si=v9UtxwZMJ3iIkoi_" title="YouTube video player" width="560"></iframe></div><div><br /></div><div>However, the outbreak of hostilities cast a shadow over the plans for the 1942 World Cup. The escalating conflict led to the cancellation of further preparations, leaving the tournament in limbo without a designated host country. Consequently, the 1942 FIFA World Cup did not come to fruition, as the world found itself engulfed in the chaos of World War II.</div><div><br /></div><div>The war, which raged on for several years, took a toll on FIFA's organizational capabilities. Struggling to maintain its operations, it faced severe constraints in both financial resources and personnel to strategize and plan for a post-war tournament once the hostilities ceased. As the war concluded in 1945, it became evident that FIFA, grappling with the aftermath, lacked the capacity to orchestrate a World Cup in 1946 as well.</div><div><br /></div><div>In a symbolic twist of fate, FIFA's first meeting post-war took place on July 1, 1946—roughly the time when the 1946 World Cup would traditionally have been held. During this meeting, the organization acknowledged the impracticality of arranging a 1946 World Cup given the constraints and challenges it faced. Looking ahead, when FIFA plotted the schedule for the subsequent World Cup in 1949, the decision was made not to designate a specific host country.</div><div><br /></div><div>Amidst the post-war landscape, the footballing world experienced a notable void in major international tournaments in 1946. However, one exception was the 1946 South American Championship, where Argentina emerged triumphant by defeating Brazil with a 2–0 scoreline on February 10, 1946. This championship served as a glimpse of footballing action during a year otherwise marked by the absence of a global spectacle, underscoring the impact of the war on the sporting calendar and FIFA's organizational capabilities.</div></div><div><br /></div><div>Although FIFA never managed to organize a World Cup in 1942 and 1946, what if they did?</div><div><br /></div><div><h2>The 1942 FIFA World Cup in Germany</h2><div>By this time, Nazi Germany was at its peak as its armies pushed for greater territorial gains toward the Soviet Union. If a FIFA World Cup were to push through, the occupied countries wouldn't be able to compete and if they did, it would be just token opposition for the host country. Neutral countries like Sweden and Switzerland might be able to send their teams. North and South American teams, sans the USA and the Dominion of Canada, won't risk sending their teams into an ongoing global conflict. The Japanese Empire might send its own team, including that of its puppet Manchukuo or any members of the so-called Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere like Siam, Indochina, Malaya, the Dutch East Indies, or the Philippines.</div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/EdL-KyIAw4Q?si=FJvwLktTS0aQ1cWi" title="YouTube video player" width="560"></iframe></div><div><br /></div><div>Meanwhile, captured Indian soldiers in North Africa may be forced to play for a token Indian team. As the whole African continent remained under colonial rule, there won't be an African team that will see action.</div><div><br /></div><div><div>The selection of host cities and venues for the 1942 World Cup would have been a crucial decision. Unfortunately, the specifics of these choices remain speculative due to the cancellation of the tournament. The games would have been played in the same venues as the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin - Poststadion, Stadion am Gesundbrunnen, and Mommsenstadion. While the Olympiastadion hosts the final. Other cities would have included football hotbeds like Hamburg, Stuttgart, and Munich.</div><div><br /></div><h3>Who Were the Favorites to Win?</h3><div>Determining the favorites for the <a href="https://globalsportsarchive.com/competition/soccer/fifa-friendlies-1942/regular-round/39298/">hypothetical 1942 World Cup</a> involves an analysis of the football landscape of the time. Uruguay, having secured victory in the Copa America on home soil shortly before the scheduled 1942 competition, held a distinct advantage. Their runner-up finishes in 1941 and 1939 showcased consistent prowess.</div><div><br /></div><div>Brazil, while not yet achieving the heights of their later dominance, remained a formidable force. Their third-place finish in the 1938 World Cup demonstrated potential, and the home advantage could have propelled them to greater success.</div><div><br /></div><div>Argentina, having narrowly lost to Uruguay in the 1942 Copa America final, presented a strong case for World Cup contention. The potential absence of home advantage for Uruguay could tip the scales in Argentina's favor.</div><div><br /></div><div>Italy, Hungary, and Sweden, with notable performances in previous tournaments, would have been formidable contenders. However, the historical struggle of European teams in World Cups held in South America posed a challenge for them.</div><div><br /></div><div>Considering recent Copa America results and regional advantage, South American powerhouses—Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay—emerged as frontrunners. Elo Ratings as of December 31, 1941, placed Argentina at the forefront, emphasizing their strength. Uruguay's historical advantage over Brazil further highlighted the competitive landscape.</div><div><br /></div><div>Factoring in recent Copa America results and home continent advantage, Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay held superior odds compared to European nations. Elo Ratings, albeit not definitive, further emphasized the dominance of South American teams, with <a href="https://www.eloratings.net/1942">Argentina leading the pack</a>.</div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="720" height="444" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg13xumhqab9XrwCrNSLNpJce_An6c8JI3bBx_eYnrHGWqUcn68VFAaSlkAw8io7fpQXY00vc130gs7zX2M4DY1Vp0wZGNtTdP7zUw7fTh9DC68A0kzHu2qRRKpuPzMoSNTL8gx5y92dQdzI1Ey-vXt1PQ2qIDIDgxgBYF-x-GFq4O7W2F9UdX0saMGM0-W/w640-h444/germany.jpg" width="640" /></div><div><br /></div><div>Germany may have fielded the best possible talents plus qualified players from occupied countries like Austria and Czechoslovakia.</div><div><br /></div><div>According to the Elo Ratings, here are the possible teams that might play in this World Cup:</div><div><br /></div><div><div>1. Argentina (world's highest-ranked team)</div><div>2. Italy (reigning two-time World Cup winners / 1936 Olympic champions)</div><div>3. England (boycott)**</div><div>4. Uruguay (1942 South American champions)</div><div>5. Scotland (boycott)**</div><div>6. Nationalist Spain</div><div>7. Austria (as a separate team / 1936 Olympic runner-up)*</div><div>8. Germany (host)</div><div>9. Brazil</div><div>10. Croatia</div><div>11. Hungary (1938 FIFA World Cup runner-up)</div><div>12. Wales (boycott)**</div><div>13. Costa Rica</div><div>14. Mexico</div><div>15. Switzerland</div><div>16. Sweden</div><div><br /></div><div>In case of boycotts, here are other teams that might fill up a 14-to-16-team tournament:</div><div><br /></div><div>17. Sweden</div><div>18. Paraguay</div><div>20. Australia (boycott)**</div><div>21. Denmark (as a separate team)*</div><div>22. Ireland</div><div>23. South Africa (boycott)**</div><div>24. United States (boycott)**</div><div>25. Peru</div><div>26. France (boycott)**</div><div>27. Slovakia (as a separate team)*</div><div>28. Norway (as a separate team / 1936 Olympic third placer)*</div><div>29. Portugal</div><div>30. Netherlands (as a separate team)*</div><div>31. Egypt</div><div>32. Northern Ireland (boycott)**</div><div>33. China</div><div>34. Canada (boycott)**</div><div>35. Yugoslavia (as a separate team)*</div><div>36. Poland (as a separate team)*</div><div>37. Iran</div><div>38. British India (boycott)**</div><div>50. Cuba</div><div>54. Dutch East Indies (as a separate team)*</div><div>60. Turkey</div><div>74. Japan</div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>*-Axis-occupied countries</i></span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>**-part of the Allies/British Empire</i></span></div></div><div><br /></div><h3>Picking a Winner</h3><div>In the hypothetical scenario of the 1942 World Cup, Argentina emerges as the likely victor. Bolstered by the prowess of "La Máquina," the legendary River Plate team of the 1940s, featuring stars like Juan Carlos Muñoz, José Manuel Moreno, and Alfredo Di Stéfano, Argentina possessed a formidable squad. Their dominance in the Copa America throughout the 1940s underscored their potential to clinch the World Cup title.</div><div><br /></div><div>While Uruguay remained a worthy adversary, the absence of home advantage might have tilted the balance in Argentina's favor. The hypothetical continuation of World War II in the background could have further influenced the dynamics, potentially favoring Germany on its home turf.</div><div><br /></div><div>In conclusion, the lost 1942 World Cup, robbed by the ravages of war, leaves us with tantalizing "what-ifs" and speculations. Argentina, with its footballing prowess and the formidable "La Máquina," stands out as the probable champion, but the unpredictable nature of football ensures that the outcome will forever remain a matter of conjecture.</div></div></div><div><br /></div><div><h3>The World Cup in Patagonia</h3></div><div>According to Argentine journalist and writer Osvaldo Soriano, <i>"the 1942 World Cup does not appear in any history book, but was played in Argentine Patagonia."</i></div><div><br /></div><div>A 2011 mockumentary <i><a href="https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=Il+mundial+dimenticato">"Il Mundial Dimenticato"</a></i> has reconstructed the mysterious story of the 1942 Patagonia World Soccer championship, never acknowledged by the official sports organizations, and which for decades has remained shrouded in legend without the winner ever being known. What makes it even more intriguing is the tournament featured an indigenous team (from present-day Argentina and Chile) - the <a href="https://ilnobilecalcio.it/2022/11/23/il-mondiale-dimenticato-del-1942-lo-sport-diventa-leggenda/">Mapuche Indians playing for their own nation</a>.</div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Dzl0edpr3YQ?si=wkknEmpvQsr_9Xe3" title="YouTube video player" width="560"></iframe></div><div><br /></div><h3>Shell-shocked at the Olympiastadion</h3><div>While that mysterious World Cup was said to be played in the emptiness of the desert. A real World Cup final was said to have been played in Berlin after all!</div><div><br /></div><div><div>Despite FIFA's omission to organize and officially recognize a World Cup in 1942, this high-stakes match in Nazi Germany, witnessed by nearly 100,000 spectators, was billed as the ultimate showdown between Europe's top two football teams – Nazi Germany and Sweden. The match, with its quasi-official status, holds recognition from the Unofficial Football World Championships as an "unofficial World Cup final." Notably, the details of this historic encounter are well-documented, featuring a definitive winner and the indisputable occurrence of the match.</div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/AynK7wjf5vA?si=dT-YSsYyT8xCUGOL" title="YouTube video player" width="560"></iframe></div><div><br /></div><div>Sweden, maintaining a neutral stance during the Second World War, obtained special permission from the British forces to travel to Berlin for this momentous "World Cup Final" against Germany. The stadium pulsated with the energy of 98,000 German supporters as Sweden took an early lead, going 1-0 up. Despite Germany's spirited comeback, establishing a 2-1 lead with goals from Lehner and Klingler, the Swedes had different plans. Henry Carlsson leveled the scores to 2-2 by halftime. In a moment of unpredictability, Malte Martensson clinched victory for Sweden in the 71st minute. Although no official trophy graced the occasion, and no visual evidence captures Sweden lifting a cup, steadfast Swedes persist in claiming this as their cherished World Cup triumph.</div><div><br /></div><div>This assertion resonates with Sweden's football prowess in the 1930s, 1940s, and 1950s. Eventually, in 1958, Sweden secured a World Cup runner-up title, succumbing to Brazil in the final on home soil. Remarkably, this triumph for Sweden also marked the initiation of the decline of the Nazi German football team. By November 1942, the Nazi party had suspended all national football team games, compelling most players to enlist in the armed forces.</div></div><div><br /></div><h2>The 1946 FIFA World Cup in Brazil</h2><div><div>The aftermath of World War II left the footballing world yearning to revive the grandeur of the FIFA World Cup. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup_hosts#Cancelled_FIFA_World_Cups_1942_and_1946">The cancellation of the 1942 and 1946 tournaments</a> due to the war's upheavals meant that the global football community had been deprived of its most celebrated event for 12 long years. The dawn of a new era was marked by FIFA's decision to hold the 1950 World Cup in Brazil. However, the journey to this decision was fraught with considerations of tradition, logistical challenges, and the desire to bring nations together once more.</div><div><br /></div><div>With the war ending in 1945, discussions about reviving the World Cup began. Initially slated for 1946, it was quickly realized that organizing such an event within a year was impractical. Contemplations ensued, and the idea of shifting the tournament to 1949 in Brazil was suggested. However, tradition prevailed, and the decision was rationalized, resetting the event to 1950. Brazil, a nation passionate about football, emerged as the chosen host.</div><div><br /></div><div>As the sole candidate largely untouched by the war, Brazil stood as the natural host for the 1950 World Cup. The game was flourishing in major cities like Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo, and Brazil had been frontrunner for the canceled 1942 World Cup. The choice of Brazil was not just a practical one but also symbolic—a nation waiting two decades to host the pinnacle of footballing glory.</div><div><br /></div><div>However, recovering the physical World Cup trophy, the Jules Rimet trophy, proved to be a unique challenge. Held by defending champion Italy, concerns arose during the war that the trophy might be lost, plundered, or melted down for financing the war effort. Ottorino Barassi, an executive at the Italian FA, played a crucial role in safeguarding the trophy, ensuring its return to FIFA in 1946.</div><div><br /></div><div><h3>Who Were the Favorites to Win?</h3></div><div>The football landscape in 1946 was teeming with potential powerhouses. The unofficial World Cup final between Argentina and Brazil in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946_South_American_Championship">South American Championship</a> added an extra layer of anticipation. Argentina, victors in that encounter, was considered by many South Americans as the unofficial 1946 world champions, although FIFA did not officially recognize it.</div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicZmIrkH2SgACppGNqczgjodXv_M4islh23K6Qlkde76KyjbdVL5CMIVIb7NnhcdGqJ8vNvD4PKRub68m9CSfwCH9dsqoxx_7eU9vGUZGiFPQA1ov6VLm91hMZy5nOhdMtmI_pCc_ZPjarstAHurTSuEhE0GrkrES_uP7WD1hHAkCjF08bKHA5eA8qUWLi/w640-h360/copa%20america%201946.jpg" width="640" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Argentina might have been the favorite to win it all (c) Futebol Portenho</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div>The hypothetical World Cup in 1946 would have showcased footballing giants like Argentina with the formidable attack led by Angel Labruna and Adolfo Pedernera, possibly joined by a young Alfredo Di Stefano. England, featuring Tom Finney and Stanley Matthews, and Italy with the legendary "Il Grande Torino" side would have been strong contenders. Hungary, Spain, Sweden, Scotland, and Brazil, who would later win the 1949 Copa America, were also part of this footballing tapestry.</div><div><br /></div><div>Despite the fact that most of the countries (especially in Europe, particularly Germany and Italy) were ravaged by the war, many national teams actually played a lot of competitive fixtures in 1945-46. It would be intriguing to see if Asian and African teams would have managed to participate and travel thousands of miles away to play in Brazil as many of these countries are in the process of decolonization. Germany, Italy, Japan, and their erstwhile Axis allies might be banned from playing in the competition.</div></div><div><br /></div><div><div>According to the Elo Ratings, here are the possible teams that might play in this World Cup:</div><div><br /></div><div><div><div>1. Argentina (world's highest-ranked team / 1946 South American champions)</div><div>2. Italy (reigning two-time World Cup winners / 1936 Olympic champions</div><div>3. Brazil (1950 FIFA World Cup runner-up)</div><div>4. England</div><div>5. Scotland</div><div>6. Spain</div><div>8. Hungary</div><div>9. Wales</div><div>10. Austria</div><div>11. Uruguay (1950 FIFA World Cup winners)</div><div>12. Czechoslovakia</div><div>13. Sweden (1948 Olympic Champions)</div><div>14. Mexico</div><div>15. Paraguay</div><div>16. Switzerland</div></div><div><br /></div><div>In case of boycotts, here are other teams that might fill up a 14-to-16-team tournament:</div></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div>17. Denmark (1948 Olympic third placer)</div><div>18. France</div><div>20. Australia</div><div>21. Ireland</div><div>22. South Africa</div><div>23. United States</div><div>24. Portugal</div><div>26. Peru</div><div>27. Chile</div><div>28. Netherlands</div><div>29. Yugoslavia (1948 Olympic runner up)</div><div>30. Northern Ireland</div><div>31. Egypt</div><div>32. China</div><div>34. Canada</div><div>36. Poland</div><div>38. British India</div><div>39. Norway</div><div>42. Romania</div><div>43. Costa Rica</div><div>45. Soviet Union</div><div>47. Belgium</div><div>50. Colombia</div><div>52. El Salvador</div><div>55. Dutch East Indies</div></div><div><br /></div><div><h3>Picking a Winner</h3></div><div>Selecting a potential winner in this alternate reality is a daunting task. Argentina, having defeated Brazil in the unofficial 1946 world championship match, might have carried that momentum. However, the depth and talent of other teams, especially those from Europe, could have posed significant challenges. However, it won't be enough for outsiders to win it all as European teams have historically performed subpar away from home and it was only in 2016 that Germany won the World Cup in South America (even demolishing Brazil along the way).</div><div><br /></div><div>The 1946 World Cup, had it taken place, would have marked the end of football's isolation and the beginning of the global game, providing fans with a spectacle that transcended geographical and ideological boundaries.</div><div><br /></div><h1>Final Thoughts</h1><div>In conclusion, the lost World Cups of 1942 and 1946 remain as unwritten chapters in the history of the FIFA World Cup. The impact of World War II on these tournaments altered the course of football history, giving rise to unofficial competitions and leaving fans to ponder the what-ifs. While we can only speculate on the outcomes, the resilience of the sport prevailed, and the subsequent editions of the World Cup played a crucial role in healing the wounds of war and bringing nations together on the football pitch.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>References:</b></div><div><b><i><a href="https://lastwordonsports.com/football/2020/06/14/which-country-would-have-won-the-lost-1942-fifa-world-cup/">"Which Country Would Have Won The Lost 1942 FIFA World Cup?"</a></i></b> by Sebastian Stiernspetz. Last Word on Sports.</div><div><b><i><a href="https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/37364595/a-tournament-unlike-other">"A tournament unlike any other,"</a></i></b> by Gabriele Marcotti. ESPN.</div><div><b><a href="https://www.ufwc.co.uk/posts/classic-matches/germany-vs-sweden-1942/">Germany vs Sweden 1942</a>.</b> The Unofficial World Championships.</div><div><b><i><a href="https://ilnobilecalcio.it/2022/11/23/il-mondiale-dimenticato-del-1942-lo-sport-diventa-leggenda/">"Il Mondiale dimenticato del 1942. Lo sport diventa leggenda."</a></i></b> Il Nobile Calcio.</div><div><b><i><a href="https://theculturetrip.com/europe/germany/articles/why-wasnt-there-a-world-cup-in-1942-or-1946">"Why Wasn't There a World Cup in 1942 or 1946?"</a></i></b> by Jonny Blair. Culture Trip.</div><div><a href="https://dontstopliving.net/backpacking-football-geek-who-won-the-world-cup-in-1942/"><b><i>"Backpacking Football Geek: Who Won the 1942 World Cup?"</i></b></a> by Jonny Blair. Don't Stop Living.</div><div><b><i><a href="https://dontstopliving.net/backpacking-football-geek-who-won-the-1946-world-cup/">"Backpacking Football Geek: Who Won the 1946 World Cup?"</a></i></b> by Jonny Blair. Don't Stop Living.</div><div><b style="font-style: italic;"><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/worldcup/comments/100794l/who_would_have_won_in_the_1942_and_1946_world_cups/?rdt=36488">"Who would have won in the 1942 and 1946 World Cups?"</a> </b>by Incraigulous. Reddit.</div><div><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_FIFA_World_Cup">History of the FIFA World Cup</a>. </b>Wikipedia.</div><div><b><a href="https://globalsportsarchive.com/competition/soccer/fifa-friendlies-1941/regular-round/39299/">FIFA International Friendlies - 1941</a></b>. Global Sports Archive.</div><div><a href="https://globalsportsarchive.com/competition/soccer/fifa-friendlies-1942/regular-round/39298/"><b>FIFA International Friendlies - 1942</b></a>. Global Sports Archive.</div><div><b><a href="https://globalsportsarchive.com/competition/soccer/fifa-friendlies-1943/regular-round/39297/">FIFA International Friendlies - 1943</a></b>. Global Sports Archive.</div><div><b><a href="https://globalsportsarchive.com/competition/soccer/fifa-friendlies-1944/regular-round/39296/">FIFA International Friendlies - 1944</a></b>. Global Sports Archive.</div><div><b><a href="https://globalsportsarchive.com/competition/soccer/fifa-friendlies-1945/regular-round/39294/">FIFA International Friendlies - 1945</a></b>. Global Sports Archive.</div><div><b><a href="https://globalsportsarchive.com/competition/soccer/fifa-friendlies-1946/regular-round/39293/">FIFA International Friendlies - 1946</a></b>. Global Sports Archive.</div><div><b><a href="https://www.eloratings.net/1941">World Football Elo Ratings: Year 1941</a></b>.</div><div><b><a href="https://www.eloratings.net/1942">World Football Elo Ratings: Year 1942</a></b>.</div><div><b><a href="https://www.eloratings.net/1943">World Football Elo Ratings: Year 1943</a></b>.</div><div><b><a href="https://www.eloratings.net/1944">World Football Elo Ratings: Year 1944</a></b>.</div><div><b><a href="https://www.eloratings.net/1945">World Football Elo Ratings: Year 1945</a></b>.</div><div><b><a href="https://www.eloratings.net/1946">World Football Elo Ratings: Year 1946</a></b>.</div><div><b><a href="https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/unoff-wc.html">Unofficial World Championship</a></b>. RSSSF.</div><div><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unofficial_Football_World_Championships">Unofficial Football World Championships</a></b>. Wikipedia.</div><div><b><a href="https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=Il+mundial+dimenticato">Il Mundial Dimenticato.</a></b> YouTube search results.</div></div>JP Canonigohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03867309680955928358noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2148827822363692190.post-85199519038725298972023-11-27T08:46:00.001+08:002023-11-27T08:46:04.121+08:00Cebu Urban Legend: The Sisters of Perpetual Succour Hospital<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="904" data-original-width="1356" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpW-iLu4qaNKqQZnH4w6hRdSpXEwryloW7_NsXMYnLVCpOqHaXB8ZPjj5CcR9P4S81ZbB1gcV73gGGnLdyPv0xCJcz9Vm2RVvQaDr22SOEhvPxySITfiU6WiN3Ji8xepsMKT-6sVjODohIDZrB5BCnw-fxBkTvTcxRH2DFZxyb_O83a16xXJp_OTTaF0TN/w640-h426/haunted.jpg" width="640" /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><i>Editor's Note: Urban legends are tall tales that emerged from stories shared in small circles that eventually grow to a point where they gain a life of their own. With little or no supporting evidence, these stories are somewhat based on real events but often intertwined with outright lies and half-truths. Usually, these are passed down to the next generation and they evolved to describe some aspects of horror, humor, and even morality.</i></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div>Cebu, a city steeped in history and mystique, holds within its bounds a tale that whispers through the corridors of Perpetual Succour Hospital. Beyond the realm of medical charts and bustling hallways, an urban legend weaves itself into the very fabric of this healthcare institution. Join us on a journey to explore the haunting tales that have lingered within the hospital walls.</div><div><br /></div><h2>The Origin Story</h2><div>Perpetual Succour Hospital, with its roots tracing back to a modest wooden house, tended by the Sisters of St. Paul of Chartres, has a history etched in both resilience and compassion. In the throes of war, Japanese bombs razed the hospital, compelling the nuns and patients to seek refuge in Iloilo. The year 1951 saw their return to Cebu, and by the late 1950s, the hospital stood tall, a beacon of healing.</div><div><br /></div><div>Despite its noble mission, the hospital became a canvas for eerie tales. Numerous accounts tell of a nun pacing the corridors, offering solace to souls on the brink of departing this world. The Sisters, it is said, lingered to provide comfort, a duty extending beyond the physical realm.</div><div><br /></div><div>The tales of haunting within the hospital walls find their roots in the unique history of its founders, Dr. Josefina Singson Florendo and Dr. Raymundo T. Macaraeg. Their commitment to building the hospital as a symbol of gratitude to Our Lady of Perpetual Succour, following the successful birth of their only child, adds a layer of mystique to the institution's narrative.</div><div><br /></div><h2>The Myth and Legend</h2><div>The <a href="https://www.istoryadista.net/2020/11/cebu-urban-legend-ghost-of-minda-mora.html">legends surrounding the haunting</a> at Perpetual Succour Hospital delve into the supernatural. Witnesses, including hospital personnel, share stories of encountering spectral figures. A nun, gracefully traversing the corridors day and night, becomes a recurring apparition. Some even claim to witness the Sisters entering or leaving patients' rooms, offering an otherworldly presence during pivotal moments.</div><div><br /></div><div>Dr. Florendo is said to linger in the hospital she helped build. The ghostly manifestations include a little girl playing hide and seek in the corridors, a lady in her 40s flushing a toilet, and a stocky, short man in his 30s wandering uneasily. These apparitions, as described by those who have experienced them, contribute to the mysterious aura surrounding the hospital.</div><div><br /></div><div>The haunting takes on an ethereal quality, with beliefs that these apparitions are harbingers of imminent transitions to the afterlife. The notion that those visited by the Sisters are soon to depart adds a layer of mystique to the hospital's already rich history.</div><div><br /></div><h2>Finding the Truth</h2><div>In our quest to <a href="https://www.istoryadista.net/2021/04/cebu-urban-legend-higugmaa-ang-diyos.html">unveil the veracity of these haunting tales</a>, we encounter a real-world account that adds a layer of complexity to the narrative. A blogger recounts an experience during a routine hospital treatment.</div><div><br /></div><div>His narrative is detailed and introspective. The account speaks of hearing voices and witnessing apparitions, including a little girl playing in the corridors and a lady in her 40s appearing uneasy. The story raises questions about the boundary between the supernatural and medical explanations, as he grapples with the effects of the treatment.</div><div><br /></div><div>However, a pivotal moment comes when he consults with a doctor, who dismisses the experience as unlikely hallucinations or delusions. The revelation challenges the assumption that these haunting tales are mere figments of the imagination.</div><div><br /></div><div>The haunting thus faces scrutiny under the lens of medical reasoning. The juxtaposition of eerie encounters with the logical explanations of medical professionals adds layers of complexity to the urban legend.</div><div><br /></div><h2>Conclusion</h2><div>As we navigate through the shadows of Perpetual Succour Hospital's haunting, the lines between legend and reality blur. The hospital's rich history, marked by wartime resilience and a commitment to healing, intertwines with spectral tales that linger within its walls.</div><div><br /></div><div>There is one thing to point out some people tend to associate hauntings with old hospitals. It is common for some patients to die in hospitals from a variety of serious illnesses, diseases, and other medical complications but that doesn't mean that they would haunt the living long after the pass away. It's also difficult to tie it up with the <a href="https://www.istoryadista.net/2021/02/the-ice-cream-man-who-became-unlikely.html">Japanese atrocities in World War 2</a> since the hospital did not exist yet.</div><div><br /></div><div>Whether one attributes the apparitions to the compassionate duty of the Sisters or seeks medical reasoning for supernatural encounters, the haunting stands as a testament to the city's enigmatic spirit. As we peel back the layers of this urban legend, we are left with a narrative that transcends the ordinary, inviting us to ponder the mysteries that echo through the corridors of Cebu's timeless healthcare institution.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Resources:</b></div><div><b><i><a href="https://www.spot.ph/newsfeatures/the-latest-news-features/87167/urban-legends-cebu-a4853-20210905-lfrm2">"These Are Some of Cebu's Creepiest Urban Legends,"</a></i></b> by Nicolo Nasol.</div><div><b><a href="https://www.vergetalks.org/2018/03/hallucination-delusion-or-was-it-really.html"><i>"Hallucination, delusion or was it really ghosts at the hospital's alley?"</i></a></b> by Verge Gamotan.</div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><a href="https://www.quora.com/Are-all-hospitals-haunted">Are all hospitals haunted?</a></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div>JP Canonigohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03867309680955928358noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2148827822363692190.post-61220994514417866952023-11-14T11:58:00.005+08:002023-11-14T13:21:42.341+08:005 Underrated Cebu Historical Landmarks You Should Visit on Your Next Trip<p><br /></p><p></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6WZPivxjHPBH____8LsxmTNDKJhzdfb1EQCr-XUJx0uxfc5rvywJHmcvESTLl8FJWpvAzmrNiS_PaNxrWUcuHz-ziwAv_uRrDr1boSIpA4_CYP-y842rEH5SnA6lpSEooL6YIRh3dU7bWr6X6_WCNCUf_b7O6Z-Gqh2iRz9an8rZuZZAPwJiyYmq5SwSo/s1000/FEATUR~1.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="466" data-original-width="1000" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6WZPivxjHPBH____8LsxmTNDKJhzdfb1EQCr-XUJx0uxfc5rvywJHmcvESTLl8FJWpvAzmrNiS_PaNxrWUcuHz-ziwAv_uRrDr1boSIpA4_CYP-y842rEH5SnA6lpSEooL6YIRh3dU7bWr6X6_WCNCUf_b7O6Z-Gqh2iRz9an8rZuZZAPwJiyYmq5SwSo/s16000/FEATUR~1.JPG" /></a></div><br />As the <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Cebu-City">Philippines’ oldest city and former capital</a>, there are plenty of historic places in Cebu to visit. Besides its rich history, it’s a booming economic hub and a <a href="http://remotestaff.ph/blog/digital-nomad-cebu-city-travel-spots-remote-workers/">great spot to work remotely</a>. <br /><br />However, if you’re tired of the usual tourist spots like <a href="https://www.cebucitytour.com/cebu-destinations/cebu-magellans-cross/">Magellan’s Cross</a>, <a href="https://santoninodecebubasilica.org/">Basilica Minore del Santo Nino de Cebu</a>, and <a href="https://www.explorephilippines.org/destination/mactan-shrine">Mactan Shrine</a>, check out these underrated historical landmarks in Cebu.<p></p><h3 style="text-align: left;">Yap-Sandiego House</h3><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsqnRj77ZiAJkNNI3c_dG3xHO9AX0s0LEBZIyvwd0fmnN1HhO-AvyVdhlA0aRACORXx-bzW9Qv9qCB83npNFjSA6qT5Bpzn0C7LojHVX8zxW4XZ0qVTI3YAMaHatsVQcW1v0xmYC7E7Bvuv9-nyMEPPCSIarfDjepGszdQ6JOZs4Rj9gSqiXmBfrwV8RbS/s750/Yap-Sandiego%20House.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="750" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsqnRj77ZiAJkNNI3c_dG3xHO9AX0s0LEBZIyvwd0fmnN1HhO-AvyVdhlA0aRACORXx-bzW9Qv9qCB83npNFjSA6qT5Bpzn0C7LojHVX8zxW4XZ0qVTI3YAMaHatsVQcW1v0xmYC7E7Bvuv9-nyMEPPCSIarfDjepGszdQ6JOZs4Rj9gSqiXmBfrwV8RbS/s16000/Yap-Sandiego%20House.jpg" /></a></div><p></p><p>Built between 1675 and 1700 by Don Juan Yap for his growing family, the Yap-Sandiego house is one of the oldest houses in the Philippines.<br /><br />It owes its longevity to its construction: coral stones and egg whites comprise its walls, while its roof is made of molave, balayong, and terracotta glue.<br /><br />Today, this well-preserved house is a museum displaying the cultural heritage of Cebu during the Spanish era. It houses relics like chinaware, cutlery, figurines, and other handicrafts made by masters of the time. Visitors can even touch some of the items, though they should do so with the utmost care.<br /><br />The ancestral house is currently under the administration of Val Sandiego, the great-great-grandson of Dona Maria Yap-Sandiego. It’s located near Colon St., the oldest street in the Philippines, and the entrance fee is fifty pesos (PHP 50). </p><h3 style="text-align: left;">Casa Gorordo</h3><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBoFSuVMzDR2aWFuwoCkozcHUBpazV5c1w72-_DdfwWREX2CMkNybxFfVrWS2IrderMho_WhOFMyv6HCwBzWWTVwrDYRuP-uywgeWBBb20Lx7YvcuzUXMFycvjOmJhFOBcIgmEWA87WJT36CkS4Utdwes6VXf2IRgBXT5xo1Y7jeH1zlcETFCHk9iLk8Zo/s750/Casa%20Gorordo.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="750" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBoFSuVMzDR2aWFuwoCkozcHUBpazV5c1w72-_DdfwWREX2CMkNybxFfVrWS2IrderMho_WhOFMyv6HCwBzWWTVwrDYRuP-uywgeWBBb20Lx7YvcuzUXMFycvjOmJhFOBcIgmEWA87WJT36CkS4Utdwes6VXf2IRgBXT5xo1Y7jeH1zlcETFCHk9iLk8Zo/s16000/Casa%20Gorordo.jpg" /></a></div><p></p><p>Another of the underrated historical landmarks in Cebu is <a href="https://www.casagorordomuseum.org/">Casa Gorordo</a>.<br /><br />Built in the 1850s, it was originally owned by Alejandro Reynes y Rosales. Isidro Gorordo, a merchant from the Basque province of Vizcaya in Spain, bought the house. Four generations of the Gorordo family lived there, including Cebu’s first native Filipino bishop, Juan Gorordo.<br /><br />Like the Yap-Sandiego house, Casa Gorordo is another example of a colonial-era house known as a “balay nga tisa,” or house with a tiled roof. Its architecture combines Spanish, Filipino, and Chinese influences, making it unique to the Philippines.<br /><br />This house features several artifacts and personal belongings of the Gorordo family, chronicling the changes in the family’s lifestyle and Cebuano society and culture. <br /><br />It is owned and managed by the Ramon Aboitiz Foundation Inc. (RAFI) and was entitled a National Historical Landmark in 1991 by the National Historical Institute of the Philippines (NHIP). It is open from Monday to Saturday, 9 am to 5 pm.</p><h3 style="text-align: left;">Museo Sugbo</h3><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_XFpxc-yqt4S3n9gaJBNkHQu7ikfeqhcqpBMO0hiuP9W3_yAVIsqHyk2zC6TsIy13dT1iKiiT858tFyf-BdyX83_P2tOpeA9ZLS8RCENDnzSO_hck6DeSAmFXEcgMkuDXAidHklgWBe7KfvKzKQ4Y5sjkkoLmlhJ6CoffbJ-gYLZRFd_NF0pjUHFX0yVA/s750/Museo%20Sugbo.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="750" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_XFpxc-yqt4S3n9gaJBNkHQu7ikfeqhcqpBMO0hiuP9W3_yAVIsqHyk2zC6TsIy13dT1iKiiT858tFyf-BdyX83_P2tOpeA9ZLS8RCENDnzSO_hck6DeSAmFXEcgMkuDXAidHklgWBe7KfvKzKQ4Y5sjkkoLmlhJ6CoffbJ-gYLZRFd_NF0pjUHFX0yVA/s16000/Museo%20Sugbo.jpg" /></a></div><p></p><p>One of the relatively newer historical and heritage sites in Cebu is the Museo Sugbo (Cebu Museum).<br /><br />Located in the former Cebu Provincial Detention and Rehabilitation Center (CPDRC), this museum houses four galleries in two different buildings. (Yes, it’s the same building that housed the famous Cebu Dancing Inmates.) <br /><br />The first one, the Museum of Philippine Political History, appropriately enough, houses the political history gallery and the presidential gallery. <br /><br />The former displays the country’s political development from the pre-colonial period to the present; the latter showcases various Philippine presidents with their portraits and signatures engraved in twenty-four-karat gold.<br /><br />The other two galleries sit across from the Museum of Philippine Political History. They house archaeological artifacts excavated from Cebu, including gold and ceramics from the 1600 San Diego shipwreck.<br /><br />The museum aside, the CPDRC, or the Carcel de Cebu, is another colonial-era site in Cebu. The prison was designed in 1869 and was meant to be the primary prison in Visayas due to its size. It is said that the coral blocks from the demolished Parian Church were used to build parts of the prison.</p><h3 style="text-align: left;">The Jesuit House</h3><h3 style="text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIWABbvluaMdtXaLj1Irf0YmUOJQ6CZpkkFYWfTyMzWEg8CYKlNpg8VhgpsStk8Y3KGNT5QG6izfAXdlKrr1yxaZnC32OHdrt_BviIHWNtXljXCNMkJxGEA7wxb2MTY0AmXfRm5dUDQd3GbmjoxYFJy-rAzKpneRN2ZQnRz-xmIdHnxdItQFSnegLAIzv_/s750/The%20Jesuit%20House.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="750" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIWABbvluaMdtXaLj1Irf0YmUOJQ6CZpkkFYWfTyMzWEg8CYKlNpg8VhgpsStk8Y3KGNT5QG6izfAXdlKrr1yxaZnC32OHdrt_BviIHWNtXljXCNMkJxGEA7wxb2MTY0AmXfRm5dUDQd3GbmjoxYFJy-rAzKpneRN2ZQnRz-xmIdHnxdItQFSnegLAIzv_/s16000/The%20Jesuit%20House.jpg" /></a></div></h3><p></p><p></p><p>If you’re visiting the former business district of Parian, one underrated historical landmark you shouldn’t miss is the Museo Parian sa Sugbo - 1730 Jesuit House or just the Jesuit House.<br /><br />This two-story house, which was once the headquarters of the Jesuits in the 1700s, is now located in a seemingly mundane warehouse. It is owned by Jaime Sy, whose family purchased it from the Alvarez family in the 1960s.<br /><br />Initially, he wanted to turn the compound into a warehouse. However, once he discovered its historical significance, he changed his mind.<br /><br />The museum is divided into two houses connected by a bridge. House A contains bedrooms and precious memorabilia left behind by the Jesuits when they stayed there. House B features a living room, dining room, and kitchen.<br /><br />There is a third building, which was supposed to be a watchtower, as well. However, only its base remains today, but there is a tattered painting of the residence that shows what it might have looked like.</p><h3 style="text-align: left;">Cebu Provincial Capitol</h3><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWlzwszf7HeneNWZP8l8DIe68cJwiudQNLkYLrHNPbkYRRIk12TMIXyyfn9yK2x_KskjaFaADf0gRgPQj4znz2yLVs2VRRvTBe9seHAybQuungDzvaJQXeI6N4f3NfLoN6H_eGITg_Fwq_8qjgtdy7oX6j7-ooN8EPvmuttLsb3lgXfPj8DtTzxTQmK6jw/s750/Cebu%20Provincial%20Capitol.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="750" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWlzwszf7HeneNWZP8l8DIe68cJwiudQNLkYLrHNPbkYRRIk12TMIXyyfn9yK2x_KskjaFaADf0gRgPQj4znz2yLVs2VRRvTBe9seHAybQuungDzvaJQXeI6N4f3NfLoN6H_eGITg_Fwq_8qjgtdy7oX6j7-ooN8EPvmuttLsb3lgXfPj8DtTzxTQmK6jw/s16000/Cebu%20Provincial%20Capitol.jpg" /></a></div><br />One of the more modern yet underrated historical landmarks in Cebu is the province’s <a href="https://www.cebu.gov.ph/the-capitol.php">current Capitol Building</a>. It’s considered one of the oldest and most beautiful buildings in the country and has been declared a national landmark for its part in Cebu’s history. <br /><br />Designed by Juan M. Arellano, the architect who also designed the Manila Metropolitan Theater, the then Legislative Building (now the National Museum of Fine Arts), and the Manila Central Post Office, it’s inspired by the US Capitol Building.<br /><br />It was finished and inaugurated in 1938 and was heavily damaged during World War 2. Fortunately, it was rehabilitated after the war and remains the seat of government in Cebu today. Thus, when visiting this historic landmark, be mindful of your behavior.<p></p><h3 style="text-align: left;">Unknown Historical Gems in the Queen City of the South</h3><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTn3kH6cUtDp3HwMIPKdfk3pzQUfDutYLhRV7ane01kZsSLICGPCqzyUkW-USlH2GOM51KrTclMCEXzNySEHDWsZTPW61dZmHtP1yPzpa-S2ORIrAomHmOTSujyRNJvbNTlytJ8smSIHuvIjQj_871F7XR7iRRwYGJtIXfhFeVlMBmjW1Jszt6uXzeClUf/s750/Unknown%20Historical%20Gems%20in%20the%20Queen%20City%20of%20the%20South.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="750" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTn3kH6cUtDp3HwMIPKdfk3pzQUfDutYLhRV7ane01kZsSLICGPCqzyUkW-USlH2GOM51KrTclMCEXzNySEHDWsZTPW61dZmHtP1yPzpa-S2ORIrAomHmOTSujyRNJvbNTlytJ8smSIHuvIjQj_871F7XR7iRRwYGJtIXfhFeVlMBmjW1Jszt6uXzeClUf/s16000/Unknown%20Historical%20Gems%20in%20the%20Queen%20City%20of%20the%20South.jpg" /></a></div><p></p><p>Despite its many perks, working from home can get boring sometimes. Fortunately, the Philippines has plenty of scenic and historic sites from where you can work remotely. One such destination is Cebu City.<br /><br />Whether you’re tired of going to the usual haunts there or want to know more about the city’s rich history, the five underrated historical landmarks you should visit on your next trip to Cebu listed above ought to suffice.<br /><br />If you’re looking for <a href="https://www.remotestaff.ph/blog/online-jobs-high-pay-philippines/">online job</a> opportunities so you can finance your next Cebu trip, Remote Staff is here to help. <br /><br />Our jobs list has various available positions for you to choose from, ranging from virtual assistant jobs and data entry jobs to engineering and architecture jobs.<br /><br />Good luck!</p><br /><p></p><br />Rica Jankulovskihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10528315242232333692noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2148827822363692190.post-5683188704240488332023-10-26T11:28:00.001+08:002023-10-26T11:28:09.504+08:00'Pa Shout-out Po': Understanding this Online Obsession<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDUqHPowrogUVFZo4K64mlQvvtnvRdoLIAnFwuM2CpKrQrq16Ctrn5yR942bymKI9iD64iZFM6Ig3nEobtPevUgwXEvhUwNkZmGKxKfjuLpSxk0JeLJo-TDAD7xbQ7yane8Thw6L4zM3eN4KBHcwqbnomgZreJr0JtkOGaZnHEOt88yJ2Ksg0YElvOSzpY/w640-h360/shoutout.jpg" width="640" /></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">In the age of social media, Filipinos have taken the concept of "shout-outs" to a whole new level. It's not uncommon to see individuals, often referred to as "shout-out hosts," giving shout-outs to people on social media livestreams. But what is the reason behind this peculiar fascination with getting shout-outs? In this article, we will delve into the cultural roots, the evolution of shout-outs, and the possible future of this phenomenon.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><h2 style="text-align: justify;">The Origins</h2><div style="text-align: justify;"><div>The term <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/shout_out">"shout-out"</a> is now a household word in the Philippines, thanks to the explosion of social media and live streaming platforms. A shout-out typically involves someone, often the host or broadcaster, giving a public acknowledgment to an individual by mentioning their name or a short message during a live stream or broadcast. This practice has become increasingly popular on platforms like Facebook and YouTube and even extends to bootleg NBA game broadcasts. Before we explore the cultural roots of this fascination, let's first define the term and look at its etymology.</div><div><br /></div><h3>Etymology</h3><div>The term "shout-out" or "shoutout" is a blend of "shout" and "out." It essentially means calling out or acknowledging someone in a public manner. The origin of this term is firmly rooted in the rise of social media and online content creation.</div><div><br /></div><div>According to the <a href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/shout-out">Merriam-Webster dictionary</a>, it is a public expression of greeting, praise, or acknowledgement directed toward a person or group often as part of a performance, recording, or broadcast. It can be used both as a noun and a verb.</div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/dyUQf0H9wjU?si=TcXZQuxpCcjWXPiF" title="YouTube video player" width="560"></iframe></div><div><br /></div><div>Interestingly, it can be traced back as early as 1862 in the southern United States where African-American congregations sang gospel songs, which they referred to as shouts. These churches were themselves known as shouters. There are nine synonyms, antonyms, idiomatic expressions, and related words for shout-out: vociferate, call, yell, holler, hollo, shout, cry, scream, and squall. However, only shout-out became the catch-all phrase for someone who wanted their names to be heard by everyone.</div><div><br /></div><div>In the modern age, it was African-American performers in the hip-hop and R&B genres during the late 1980s and 1990s popularized the phrase. In 1983, <a href="https://hiphopdx.com/news/id.47537/title.hip-hop-pioneer-ralph-mcdaniels-to-host-video-music-box-35th-anniversary-concert">DJ Ralph McDaniels</a> had a show on WLIW in NYC called "Video Music Box". It was the original hip-hop music video program and he would use the term as a sort of catchphrase for people to say hello over the airwaves to their friends and family. He called it a "shout-out."</div><div><br /></div><div>It is said to have been used even earlier than that of Video Music Box. There was <a href="https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/281135/who-was-the-first-white-person-in-media-to-use-the-phrase-shout-out">another pioneering hip-hop radio DJ named Red Alert</a> who hosted his own show on 98.7 Kiss FM. During his show, he would take calls and instruct the caller to "Shout 'em out," which means greetings and salutations to a person or location, e.g. your significant other, family, your neighborhood, etc. It was later picked up by McDaniels later on.</div><div><br /></div><h3>Cultural Roots</h3><div>To understand why Filipinos are so obsessed with getting shout-outs, we must delve into the cultural roots of this phenomenon. Filipinos have a strong sense of community and connection, and shout-outs provide a way for individuals to feel recognized and connected to a broader audience. Even before the Internet, Filipinos had a penchant for being acknowledged publicly.</div><div><br /></div><div><div><b>Bayanihan Spirit:</b> The "bayanihan" spirit is a fundamental aspect of Filipino culture. It refers to the communal unity and cooperation within communities to achieve a common goal. Filipinos have a long history of helping one another and coming together, especially in times of need. Shout-outs reflect this spirit by acknowledging and celebrating individuals within the community, fostering a sense of togetherness and shared identity.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Strong Sense of Family:</b> Family holds a central place in Filipino culture. It's not just limited to immediate family but extends to extended family and even close friends. Shout-outs are a way to connect with and recognize family members, friends, and loved ones, whether they are near or far. This strong familial connection is deeply rooted in Filipino culture and values.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Oral Tradition:</b> Filipino culture has a rich history of oral tradition, storytelling, and oral literature. Shout-outs can be seen as an extension of this tradition. In the past, stories, knowledge, and information were passed down through generations via spoken word. Shout-outs serve as a contemporary means of verbal communication and acknowledgment.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Hospitality and Warmth:</b> Filipinos are known for their warmth and hospitality. They often go out of their way to make guests feel welcome and appreciated. Shout-outs are a digital form of this hospitality, where individuals make others feel valued and recognized. It's a way to express gratitude and show appreciation, reflecting the cultural norms of the Philippines.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Influence of Radio Broadcasting:</b> Shout-outs have historical roots in the realm of radio broadcasting. Before the internet and social media, radio was a primary source of entertainment and information in the Philippines. Late-night radio shows and music programs would often include shout-outs where people could request songs and have their names mentioned on the air. This practice created a sense of community and shared experiences among listeners.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Religious and Festive Traditions:</b> Many Filipino festivals and religious events involve public acknowledgments and celebrations. Whether it's a religious fiesta, a town festival, or a family celebration, shout-outs are commonly used to express gratitude and recognition. The religious and festive traditions of the Philippines have had a significant influence on the practice of shout-outs.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Sense of Belonging:</b> Filipinos have a deep desire for belonging and being part of a larger community. Shout-outs fulfill this need by providing a sense of inclusion and connectedness. In a diverse and culturally rich country like the Philippines, shout-outs create a shared space for people from different backgrounds to come together.</div></div><div><br /></div><h2>The Golden Age of Radio</h2><div><div>Before the Internet, Filipinos had other avenues for getting their names mentioned in public spaces. They often made song requests on radio stations, which would be accompanied by a shout-out to the person making the request. This practice was particularly popular during late-night radio shows and helped create a sense of camaraderie among listeners.</div><div><br /></div><div>Additionally, talk radio programs that offered relationship advice, life coaching, and public discussions allowed individuals to call in and have their voices heard on the airwaves. Getting their names mentioned on these programs not only validated their existence but also served as a means of showing off to friends and family that they had made it to the radio waves.</div></div><div><br /></div><div>Just as the term became quite common in the United States, Filipinos were introduced to the phenomenon later on as we got exposed to more American pop culture on the radio with the next generation of radio DJs picking up the catchphrase and using it to great effect. Unlike television, listeners have direct communication with the DJ via telephone so that they can request specific songs, send out greetings, and even talk live on the airwaves.</div><div><br /></div><div>The DJs played a crucial role in establishing a personal connection with their listeners. They would mention the names of those who sent in song requests and shout-outs, creating a sense of intimacy and community. This connection made listeners feel valued and acknowledged. In an age before social media, shout-outs on the radio became a form of social engagement. Listeners would eagerly wait for their shout-outs to be read on the airwaves, and it was a source of excitement and enjoyment. It allowed people to communicate with a wide audience without the need for face-to-face interactions.</div><div><div><br /></div><div>The shout-out culture on the radio also had cultural significance. It aligned with the Filipino tradition of expressing gratitude and acknowledgment publicly, which is deeply ingrained in Filipino customs and values. Shout-outs served as a way to publicly recognize the importance of friends, family, and loved ones. The practice of shout-outs contributed to community building within the listening audience. It created a sense of belonging and camaraderie, as people could share their experiences and connect with others who were going through similar situations.</div></div><div><br /></div><h2>The Rise of Social Media</h2><div><div>The advent of social media and live streaming has transformed the "shout-out culture." Today, many Filipinos eagerly tune in to live streams and pay shout-out hosts to get their names mentioned in front of a live audience. This has become a form of digital social validation and a way to connect with a wider community.</div><div><br /></div><div>Even more intriguingly, some streamers have found innovative ways to monetize this practice. Bootleg NBA game broadcasters on Facebook, for instance, have leveraged shout-outs to generate income. Viewers who send virtual gifts or tips often receive a shout-out in return, creating a symbiotic relationship between content creators and their audience.</div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7sma90-596TCbk82YH-Vz_zJqhPFWB3noanO__n0LYDb_VlufUHj1wiDDCuyMpx_6Xfxuy3oIbfqqAx04wrRQtva3kwG_KT53dIr_VgWa0juv1RhQ8quouRkyyQ6QD-xYnrz9126kRIp2_nRqSoCwvUyeYIMumBf9t23WXqtUKKiKBbtA_OL2Vd_2TjTW/s1875/image_2023-10-26_111400468.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="980" data-original-width="1875" height="334" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7sma90-596TCbk82YH-Vz_zJqhPFWB3noanO__n0LYDb_VlufUHj1wiDDCuyMpx_6Xfxuy3oIbfqqAx04wrRQtva3kwG_KT53dIr_VgWa0juv1RhQ8quouRkyyQ6QD-xYnrz9126kRIp2_nRqSoCwvUyeYIMumBf9t23WXqtUKKiKBbtA_OL2Vd_2TjTW/w640-h334/image_2023-10-26_111400468.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Some of these live streams promote online gambling sites</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div>Since not everyone has access to live NBA games on TV and mobile, many have chosen to watch it on bootleg sites and live streams on Facebook. It's interesting to see why some people would choose the latter even if it's covered with unnecessary text overlays like the "donation counter" and the name of the top donor. Well, the thing is...the live stream is not hidden under a paywall like that of the NBA app and other local streaming sites. Oddly, some people offer bigger donations to bootleg sites and even legit businesses advertise it there. The truth is, that big NBA games involving the most popular teams drive in a lot of people so more "paid shout-outs" are going to happen.</div></div><div><br /></div><div>The live stream experience can be divisive - some people like it while others hate it. If you want to watch the game properly without all the distractions then it's not for you. Others love the social component of watching it since you can taunt and talk smack to other teams' fans. On the other hand, you get to hear your name or message broadcast live for all viewers to see.</div><div><br /></div><div>It also coincided with the rise of social media influencers and content creators wherein they use "shout-outs" to gratify their followers and make as much money as possible effortlessly. Moreover, many of them have even abused the <a href="https://nextshark.com/new-filipino-actor-graphic-designer">use of "shout-outs" as a currency</a> to get as many free goods and services as possible.</div><div><br /></div><div>Foreign YouTubers and Internet celebrities have also capitalized on the "shout-out" culture as a way to bait Filipinos to watch their streams, follow their social media accounts, and stay loyal. Filipino baiting is a way to get more engagement.</div><div><br /></div><h2>The Future</h2><div>As technology continues to advance, the "shout-out" culture in the Philippines is likely to evolve further. With the rise of virtual reality, augmented reality, and other immersive technologies, the way Filipinos seek and experience shout-outs may change. These changes will likely be driven by the desire for even more personalized and engaging interactions on digital platforms.</div><div><br /></div><div>The obsession with getting shout-outs among Filipinos is a fascinating cultural phenomenon deeply rooted in a strong sense of community and connection. From radio shout-outs to the digital age of social media, the desire to be recognized and acknowledged in public spaces remains a constant. As technology continues to evolve, the way shout-outs are sought and delivered will undoubtedly change, but the core human desire for connection and recognition will remain a driving force behind this unique Filipino practice.</div><div><br /></div><div>Shout-out to the Filipinos for their unwavering sense of community and their creative ways of connecting in the digital world.</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><b>References:</b></div><div><a href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/giving-a-shoutout-to-shout-and-homie/article1338766/">"Giving a shoutout to shout (and homie),"</a> by Warren Clemens. <b>The Globe and Mail.</b></div><div><a href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/shout-out">Shout-out Definition</a>. <b>Merriam-Webster Dictionary.</b></div><div><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/shout_out">Shout-out</a>. <b>Wiktionary.</b></div><div><a href="https://newsbytes.ph/2018/07/07/online-buzzword-the-origin-of-shout-out-2/">"The origin of ‘shout-out’,"</a> by Faye Valencia. <b>NewsBytes.PH.</b></div><div><a href="https://nextshark.com/new-filipino-actor-graphic-designer">"Filipino Actor Slammed After Offering to Pay a Graphic Designer With a ‘Shout Out’,"</a> by Carl Samson. <b>NextShark.</b></div><div><b><br /></b></div><div><b><br /></b></div></div>JP Canonigohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03867309680955928358noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2148827822363692190.post-47892770519953240572023-10-06T09:00:00.005+08:002023-12-30T14:46:35.285+08:00Alternate Outcomes: General Luna's Revenge<div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="854" data-original-width="960" height="570" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEin1_2aQnEWtwgEAxNnuSalC8Xz_yxbgjYHQYuu0yK0zhdJMyXi2gFCT9FZZBFRGfoho5hicz_I5GwCKWknTRq_PJPTkeiFsHRYhdfM3K7eSIn5aK0z2045tORfJx70hJpa8cQS0ErodnXsTsR8RPIthMvEyV3XBDQ0YJaekV4VIJ3-S4CcsrqTQ8ra1V5v/w640-h570/mon-c3.jpg" width="640" /></div><br /><div><br /></div><div><i>Editor's Note: <a href="https://www.istoryadista.net/search/label/altered%20timeline">Alternate Outcomes</a> is an article series that examines alternative outcomes to specific divergent points in historical events. It explores the 'what ifs' when a historical event goes to a different route. All the scenarios discussed here did not happen and are just mere educational speculations of what might have been.</i></div><div><br /></div><div>In the annals of history, certain events have the power to create ripples that forever change the course of a nation's destiny. One such pivotal moment in Philippine history was the <a href="https://www.istoryadista.net/2021/01/los-tiradores-de-la-muerte-general.html">assassination of General Antonio Luna in Cabanatuan in 1899</a>. But what if, by some twist of fate, Luna had survived that fateful day? How might the Philippines have evolved differently? In this alternate history, we explore the intriguing possibilities that unfold when Luna lives to shape the fate of the nation.</div><div><br /></div><h2>The Narrow Escape</h2><div>In our alternate timeline, the plot to assassinate General Antonio Luna in Cabanatuan goes awry. Luna, though wounded, manages to evade his would-be assassins and escapes with his life intact. This unexpected turn of events sets in motion a sequence of events that would forever alter the trajectory of the Philippine Republic.</div><div><br /></div><div>Surviving the assassination attempt only serves to strengthen Luna's resolve. He recognizes the depth of betrayal within the ranks and becomes determined to weed out the conspirators who sought to undermine his leadership. Luna's reputation for being a fierce and relentless military strategist remains unscathed.</div><div><br /></div><h2>The Ousting of Aguinaldo</h2><div><a href="https://www.istoryadista.net/2016/05/alternate-outcomes-jose-rizals-deadly.html">With Luna alive and more resolute than ever</a>, a power struggle ensues within the Philippine Revolutionary Government. Emilio Aguinaldo, who had previously ordered the assassination of Luna, now faces a formidable opponent who commands the loyalty of many key figures within the revolution.</div><div><br /></div><div>In this alternate history, Luna's charisma, strategic brilliance, and unyielding commitment to the cause propel him to the forefront of the revolutionary movement. Aguinaldo, increasingly isolated, loses the support of key allies and ultimately resigns from his position as the leader of the Philippine Republic.</div><div><br /></div><h2>A Different Path to Independence</h2><div>With Luna at the helm, the <a href="https://www.istoryadista.net/2016/06/alternate-outcomes-grayson-never-pulled.html">Philippine Revolution takes a different course</a>. Luna's vision for the nation emphasizes a disciplined and united front against foreign colonial forces. He advocates for a stronger, centralized government to ensure stability during the tumultuous times of revolution.</div><div><br /></div><div>Under Luna's leadership, the Philippine Revolutionary Army undergoes a comprehensive overhaul. Training becomes more rigorous, discipline is enforced, and a sense of unity and purpose pervades the ranks. Luna's military prowess and his insistence on modernizing the armed forces give the Filipino fighters a formidable advantage.</div><div><br /></div><h2>International Diplomacy</h2><div>Recognizing the need for international support, Luna dispatches envoys to establish diplomatic relations with foreign governments sympathetic to the Philippine cause. This diplomatic outreach garners attention from nations like the United States and even some European powers, leading to increased international backing for the Filipino struggle.</div><div><br /></div><div>In our alternate history, the strengthened Filipino military, coupled with international diplomatic pressure, forces a more favorable negotiation process with the United States. While the Philippines still seeks independence, the outcome avoids the devastating Philippine-American War that marked the actual timeline.</div><div><br /></div><h2>An Independent Philippines</h2><div>Under Luna's dynamic leadership, the <a href="https://www.istoryadista.net/2013/05/alternate-outcomes-emperor-novales.html">Philippines secures its independence from foreign colonial rule</a>. The nation emerges as a unified and formidable force, both militarily and politically. Luna's vision of a strong and centralized government prevails, providing stability and continuity during the early years of independence.</div><div><br /></div><div>Luna's legacy extends far beyond the battlefield. His emphasis on education, modernization, and unity leaves an indelible mark on the Philippines. The nation experiences rapid industrialization and development, laying the foundations for a prosperous future.</div><div><br /></div><h2>Luna's Destiny</h2><div>In this alternate history, the survival of General Antonio Luna proves to be the catalyst for a different path to Philippine independence. Luna's leadership, characterized by his unwavering commitment and strategic brilliance, ushers in an era of stability, strength, and international support for the fledgling nation.</div><div><br /></div><div>While the butterfly effect may have forever altered the course of Philippine history in this scenario, it underscores the profound impact that individuals can have on the destiny of a nation. General Antonio Luna's triumph against adversity becomes a testament to the enduring spirit of the Filipino people and their relentless pursuit of self-determination and freedom.</div></div>JP Canonigohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03867309680955928358noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2148827822363692190.post-86381684246130418042023-10-02T12:49:00.004+08:002023-10-04T15:10:39.802+08:00Lost Landmarks of Cebu: Jai Alai Building<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="640" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4FpCxODhYsjXOSmoXAnu77kB4sn_PeFcM0v6u79690XhlosudKtv9KKJlj6z5SKzk4wiDAmC-_rY2GgsUo1lGpfju1BumctBsoFEqU6w2hNN7keLrH48g9pNPh906RuRANnzakOo9-HdEwEfTcZ3IAUgZIoJ9_xJNzPrP9wp2u_-zhBn9Tn9j116VjUQ8/w640-h480/jai%20alai.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="640" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Gaisano Grand Jai Alai superimposed on the old playing venue</td></tr></tbody></table><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><i>The Lost Landmarks of Cebu is an article series that features prominent buildings and monuments in Cebu that no longer exist. If you have suggestions or want to contribute, please feel free to message us on our <a href="https://web.facebook.com/Istoryadista/">Facebook page</a>.</i></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div>Speak of Cebu and images of the Sto. Niño, the province’s patron, come to mind. And so does the <a href="https://www.istoryadista.net/2022/09/reimagining-what-lapulapu-would-have.html">valiant Lapu-Lapu</a>, sweet mangoes, the famous lechon, guitars and beaches. But it is more than that. Cebu is a special and beautiful place. It is also my home. Beyond these iconic images lies the story of a lost landmark that holds a special place in the hearts of many Cebuanos - the Jai Alai Building. It may not be as <a href="https://www.istoryadista.net/2019/01/cultural-cringe-brain-drain-and-state.html">architecturally stylish</a> as its Art Deco counterpart in Manila, but it sure left an indelible mark on older people who had memories of that sport.</div><div><br /></div><h2>Historical Background</h2><div>Jai alai, a sport that once gripped the hearts of Cebuanos during the 60s, 70s, and parts of the 80s, traces its origins to the Basque region of Spain. It's a game of exhilarating speed, where pelotaris (jai alai players) fling a hard rubber ball, called a pelota, at rocket speed using a cesta, a curved basket attached to their hand. The game is about the breathtaking speed and the excitement it brings to the people.</div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="280" data-original-width="420" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjW0Ah-AhuO0imPIzRIP8DUV88QLTbFu0zWxvxhmPElWvdHPLFwu_w5Svf0mltM0wMv19z6sc5PgjlESZ8L2ugVJ_5frtW8rOZiaWAH_h53sIjknH9YUMYLPzQpxXR2aGBeWNMVxSST7ak67TdSkA8tzwnFyZE96GUjr19GTvNyHLNPyjbuQfF_eHIpqTJK/w640-h426/jai%20alai.webp" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="640" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Basque pelotaris taught Cebuanos how to play the game</td></tr></tbody></table><div><br /></div><div>Jai alai found its way to Cebu, becoming a significant part of the local culture. It was more than just a sport; it became intertwined with the illegal numbers game known as 'masiao.' Bets were placed at the back of homes, with <a href="https://www.istoryadista.net/2023/08/were-things-really-cheap-back-in-good.html">every 25-centavo wager potentially yielding a peso or more</a>. Today, masiao has transformed into suwertres or swertres, but the memories of those betting days linger.</div><div><br /></div><div>The Cebuano jai alai scene had its heroes, local talents who trained hard, starting as neighborhood boys within the fronton or cancha in Mambaling. Being drafted as a pelotari in Manila was a ticket to success and wealth. The sport flourished under the patronage of President Ferdinand E. Marcos, who recognized its potential to combat illegal gambling. He issued Presidential Decree No. 1507 in 1978, granting the Philippine Games and Holiday Corporation (now PAGCOR) a franchise to operate, construct, and maintain a fronton for Basque Pelota in Cebu City.</div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="599" data-original-width="800" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjt3yeYh_Y08GSpKX19168UFX9oAb4_Chg4kMD4mcFrICx6yv_6AXlsghiGs9MNvZ03rrP0zsMrmjmUMh6lcldmh6FR0A3Eq-p_25grfx5CzdZk4yfWt39_g9J65FrLfKnkiM3_IAmjIiz4bqmHcfUwDwc64Kmlqt2InHeBQPmUoigBQFhc5Dci-NU-gUPs/w640-h480/d803af5b16975e9e_800.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="640" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Remember this paper being passed around back in the day?</td></tr></tbody></table><div><br /></div><div>The Jai Alai Fronton in Cebu City was once a vibrant hub of activity, but today, it stands as a shadow of its former self. Leaking roofs, rusting screens, and broken wood flooring tell tales of its glorious past. Yet, they fail to dampen the competitive spirit of former players and enthusiasts who still gather every week to fling the pelota for an afternoon of camaraderie and fun.</div><div><br /></div><div>Beyond Cebu, a cancha in Quezon City also carries the legacy of this thrilling sport. The echoes of jai alai's past glory still resonate in the hearts of those who remember the exhilaration it brought.</div><div><br /></div><h2>Future Development</h2><div>A few years ago, I witnessed construction workers fencing off the compound where the old jai alai building stands. News of a mall replacing the iconic building in Mambaling, left me with mixed emotions. The jai alai building had been a part of my personal history, a place where memories were made.</div><div><br /></div><div>The building, which had once housed the excitement of jai alai matches and the fervor of bettors, is now set to make way for modernity. The old structure, with its cool interiors and stories of clandestine rendezvous, will be replaced by a mall that will cater to a new generation.</div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/_yMto8LnEwk?si=IaC5D09NxHAmQaMt" title="YouTube video player" width="560"></iframe></div><div><br /></div><div>As the construction progresses, I can't help but think about the countless stories within those walls. Friends gathering to enjoy the cool atmosphere, young couples on a budget date, and even the not-so-savory activities that occurred when it was abandoned in the 1990s—all are a part of its history.</div><div><br /></div><div>The jai alai building, with its <a href="https://www.istoryadista.net/2012/08/why-filipinos-dont-speak-spanish-anymore.html">Spanish inscription</a>, "El Fallo del Juez es inapelable" (The judge’s decision is final), was not just a structure; it was a witness to the unfolding stories of Cebu's past.</div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/5mE0j1zdGEM?si=QMKnN1TQQfLQfRmk" title="YouTube video player" width="560"></iframe></div><div><br /></div><div>While change is inevitable, the name "jai alai" will always hold a special place in the hearts of Cebuanos. It transcends the bricks and mortar of the building; it is a part of our heritage, a reminder of a bygone era when Cebuans gathered to witness the fastest sport in the world.</div><div><br /></div><div>As we bid farewell to the Jai Alai Building and welcome the new mall, let us remember the history it represents. Let us cherish the memories of a time when the pelota flew at breakneck speeds, and the crowd's cheers filled the air. The Jai Alai Building may be gone, but its legacy lives on in the hearts of Cebuanos, reminding us of a unique and thrilling chapter in our history.</div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>References:</b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/opinion/2015/02/07/1421152/cebu-jai-alai-fronton">"The Cebu Jai-Alai Fronton,"</a> by Clarence Paul Oaminal. <b>The Freeman</b>.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://langyaw.com/2009/09/02/pelota-pelotari-cesta-jai-alai-is-still-alive-in-cebu/">"Pelota, pelotari, cesta: Jai alai is still alive in Cebu,"</a> by Estan Cabigas. <b>Langyaw.</b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/347264/mall-to-rise-in-old-jai-alai-site">"Mall to rise in old jai-alai site."</a> <b>Sun-Star Online</b>.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/cebuchannelonline/posts/pfbid02yEa3SAyrj9Pwj5PMoY26VRvRhG8mBfpfypVtPotMTQZC2EPEm28LbweiLVoaMB9gl?__cft__[0]=AZVgcDem-6waDjAQg-t3408BpHyHliCA49K5yarRRD91fLv4S3kOQrTzt-5ZSMc3fkyiALwnV-Tp1PMaJwsARKPa9GqFxW7L3IM_kHBJ57LGSj-SSQnrVJmfHi5fjzMiVA0&__tn__=%2CO%2CP-R">The Famous Cebu Jai Alai.</a> <b>Cebu Channel Online</b>.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LqiDpWwtvjQ">Mambaling Jai Alai Practice</a>. <b>keith88gt on YouTube</b>.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5mE0j1zdGEM">Rolan “Tigay” Quijano Interview.</a> <b>The Carloan Expert on YouTube</b>.</div>JP Canonigohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03867309680955928358noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2148827822363692190.post-33496368931706225022023-09-28T08:57:00.002+08:002023-09-28T08:58:24.535+08:00Cebu Urban Legend: Cat Meat Siopao<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="768" data-original-width="1152" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitwtBjA1qPDi2lH7UASfE9nhzV3gE3CQZ6c3M53Nfc-WKcKSEpEtZABGvmnUz-gu1Z-PmFVx70-wut4Jv9sQ5oy0aM4tgB5kDZYhUXQUnLcwHnVK4t2SeKVrhyQycN9h4ympuSynbfw8XbzMhzddVD_W9kcvfHjQArxgNa2KCXwn3iYkM8uq-PvG9hRfpa/w640-h426/PhotoReal_A_charming_kitten_dressed_in_a_dainty_hanfu_skillful_1.jpg" width="640" /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><i>Editor's Note: Urban legends are tall tales that emerged from stories shared in small circles that eventually grow to a point where they gain a life of their own. With little or no supporting evidence, these stories are somewhat based on real events but often intertwined with outright lies and half-truths. Usually, these are passed down to the next generation and they evolved to describe some aspects of horror, humor, and even morality.</i></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><i><br /></i></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div>In the bustling streets of Cebu, a peculiar urban legend has thrived for generations, one that revolves around the beloved Filipino snack known as siopao. The rumor suggests that siopao, those fluffy steamed buns filled with various savory fillings, may contain an unexpected and unsettling ingredient - cat meat.</div><div><br /></div><div>This shocking notion has been a subject of curiosity, intrigue, and even fear, and it continues to capture the imagination of those who hear it. But where did this urban legend originate, and is there any truth to it? We will delve deep into the enigmatic world of cat meat siopao and explore its fascinating history and the myths surrounding it.</div><div><br /></div><h2>The Origin Story</h2><div>To understand the myth of cat meat siopao, we must first journey back in time to the heart of Cebu, a place rich in culture and culinary traditions. Siopao, a staple of Filipino street food, was introduced to the Philippines by <a href="https://www.istoryadista.net/2020/03/finding-their-roots-do-i-have-chinese.html">Chinese immigrants who settled in the vibrant city</a>. Among these immigrants, some established themselves at the Parian, an area specially reserved for the Chinese.</div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/C01UqrpeRmw?si=CXOdZ3iY4G8QFQui" title="YouTube video player" width="560"></iframe></div><div><br /></div><div>As is often the case with urban legends, the tale of cat meat siopao seems to have emerged from a unique blend of factors. The streets were not immune to the presence of stray cats, a common sight in urban environments. As siopao gained popularity as a street snack, suspicions began to arise, and the rumor took root. However, we also can't deny that there is a certain racial side to this urban legend.</div><div><br /></div><h2>The Myth and Legend</h2><div>One theory behind the emergence of the cat meat siopao legend is rooted in discrimination against the Chinese immigrants who brought siopao to the Philippines in the first place. Early Chinese settlers have faced challenges and stereotypes, and <a href="https://www.istoryadista.net/2022/02/the-origin-story-of-marites-and-its.html">some locals may have perpetuated the rumor</a> as a way to undermine the success of Chinese-owned eateries. The idea that Chinese immigrants were willing to use cat meat in their food may have played into pre-existing biases.</div><div><br /></div><div>Another aspect of the myth's origin could be attributed to linguistic nuances and misunderstandings. The wordplay between "siopao" and "siomeow" or "ngyaopao" may have contributed to the rumor. In the Philippines, wordplay is common, and it's possible that the similarity in pronunciation between "siopao" and "siomeow" gave rise to the myth, especially among those with a more mischievous sense of humor.</div><div><br /></div><div>As with many urban legends, the myth of cat meat siopao likely thrived due to a combination of half-truths and outright lies. Some individuals claimed to have read reports in local newspapers about specific restaurants using cat meat in their siopao. Names like Kowloon House and Ma Mon Luk were associated with this rumor, further fueling its spread. However, as we'll soon discover, these allegations were debunked.</div><div><br /></div><h2>Finding the Truth</h2><div>Now that we've explored the origins and elements that contributed to the myth, let's uncover the truth behind cat meat siopao. To address the cat meat siopao legend, our journey takes us to the Philippine Food and Drug Administration (FDA), a regulatory agency within the Department of Health. While the FDA primarily focuses on the regulation of drugs and packaged foods, it also oversees certain aspects of food safety.</div><div><br /></div><div>According to Andrew de los Reyes, a veteran of the FDA's food division, he conducted inspections and addressed complaints related to food safety, including siopao. He confirms that there were indeed reports of suspected cat meat in pre-packaged siopao. However, upon thorough inspection, no evidence of cat meat was ever found. Furthermore, he stated that there was no practice of slaughtering cats for use in siopao.</div><div><br /></div><div>In essence, cat meat siopao is nothing more than a myth—a tale concocted from biases, misunderstandings, and perhaps a touch of mischief. It's a legend that may have challenged local Chinese restaurants to prove the quality of their food, but it ultimately failed in discrediting these establishments. Interestingly, the cat meat siopao "variant" did not took root in other neighboring countries where Chinese influence on the cuisine persists - Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, and Thailand. It is worth noting that there is indeed a black market for cat meat in China, Vietnam, and even in South Korea as these "little tigers" are known for healing benefits. Nevertheless, eating of cats in the Philippines is a taboo.</div><div><br /></div><div>Today, siopao remains <a href="https://www.istoryadista.net/2009/09/pagkaing-pinoy-gastronomic-time-travel.html">a beloved Filipino snack</a>, available in numerous variations beyond asado and bola-bola. Iconic restaurants have continued to serve their signature siopao dishes, undeterred by the enduring myth.</div><div><br /></div><div>In the end, the allure of the cat meat siopao legend lies in its ability to weave together a common living creature with the universal joy of eating while maintaining an air of disbelief. It's a story that refuses to die, not because it's true, but because it's unbelievably captivating—a testament to the enduring power of urban legends.</div><div><br /></div><h2>The Legend Lives On</h2><div>The myth of cat meat siopao has captured the imagination of generations. It emerged from a blend of factors, including discrimination, linguistic wordplay, and a mix of half-truths and lies. Cat meat siopao is simply a legend—an urban tale that persists in challenging <a href="https://www.istoryadista.net/2022/06/cebuano-food-origins-siomai-from.html">local Chinese restaurants</a> to prove the quality of their food.</div><div><br /></div><div>This urban legend is part of our folklore, representing the collective consciousness of a society. They help us understand the nature of people, their customs, and their daily lives. In this particular case, it showcases the enduring power of storytelling and the unique way in which folklore weaves itself into the fabric of culture.</div><div><br /></div><div>As we continue to unravel the mysteries behind urban legends, we gain insights not only into the tales themselves but also into the societies that create and perpetuate them. The legend of cat meat siopao may be bizarre, but it serves as a reminder of the rich tapestry of human storytelling and the enduring fascination with the unknown.</div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><i><br /></i></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Resources:</b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><a href="https://pepper.ph/blog/mythbusting-cat-siopao">"Mythbusting Siomeow: Did They Really Use Cats in Siopao?"</a></b> by Mia Marci.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><a href="https://www.chinoy.tv/the-myth-of-cats-in-siopao-how-did-it-start/">"The Myth of Cats in Siopao: How did it start?"</a></b> by Natalya Patolot.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26362345">"Siopao and Power: The Place of Pork Buns in Manila's Chinese History,"</a></b> by Adrian de Leon.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><a href="http://www.cnnphilippines.com/life/culture/2018/12/14/Filipino-urban-legends-origins.html">"Where does an urban legend come from?"</a></b> by Fiel Estrella.</span></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div></div>JP Canonigohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03867309680955928358noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2148827822363692190.post-54715890446236733542023-09-25T18:14:00.007+08:002023-11-24T16:31:57.045+08:00Finding Their Roots: Cebu's Little Cinderella in Hollywood<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="408" data-original-width="613" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-Yw5uEze8wkMHIUB20gkVinMbTkLU8ITDPVxVkZQCKf8AwGAd58SLoqmWOhNdD6MAOpIJu514YY8w1p5Ko311hVwvVnO6UYKJT4V7XJYNwGgql1h2gFnJ32eusVz-tyk9VncBuzrLFzPiZJtr6XrCj9NQL5tMSCydZRfqt_djv01LvNBRlFbrKbnWcwBY/w640-h426/4_4Mlkq__please_credit%5Bpalette.fm%5D.webp" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="640" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">With lead actor Victor McLaglen in "A Girl in Every Port" (1928)</td></tr></tbody></table><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><i>Editor's Note: I was fascinated with genealogy and family history when I was in university and it never ceased to amaze me about finding your roots. This is why I took History and started tracing my family tree. This time, after watching episodes of Finding Your Roots by Henry Louis Gates and Who <a href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCmnJg51xm-CKp4gStELpQTA" target="_blank">You Think You Are</a>.</i></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div>In the glittering world of Hollywood, where dreams and ambitions intertwine, there emerges a <a href="https://news.abs-cbn.com/ancx/culture/spotlight/11/25/19/the-first-filipino-movie-star-in-hollywood-is-a-woman">remarkable tale of a Filipina actress</a> who defied the odds, shattered stereotypes, and made her mark on the silver screen. Her name was <a href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0432819/">Elena Jurado</a>, also known as <a href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-californian-star-of-the-orient/125079428/">Lena Jacobs</a>, and her journey from the rustic shores of Sibonga, Cebu, to the glamorous streets of Hollywood is a captivating story of resilience and tenacity.</div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><blockquote cite="https://www.tiktok.com/@callmesuperjay/video/6976810938393529601" class="tiktok-embed" data-video-id="6976810938393529601" style="max-width: 605px; min-width: 325px;"> <section> <a href="https://www.tiktok.com/@callmesuperjay?refer=embed" target="_blank" title="@callmesuperjay">@callmesuperjay</a> The unknown Pinay movie star of the 1920s - Elena Jurado. <a href="https://www.tiktok.com/tag/pinay?refer=embed" target="_blank" title="pinay">#Pinay</a> <a href="https://www.tiktok.com/tag/hollywood?refer=embed" target="_blank" title="hollywood">#Hollywood</a> <a href="https://www.tiktok.com/tag/philippines?refer=embed" target="_blank" title="philippines">#Philippines</a> <a href="https://www.tiktok.com/tag/filipina?refer=embed" target="_blank" title="filipina">#Filipina</a> <a href="https://www.tiktok.com/tag/elenajurado?refer=embed" target="_blank" title="elenajurado">#ElenaJurado</a> <a href="https://www.tiktok.com/tag/silentfilm?refer=embed" target="_blank" title="silentfilm">#SilentFilm</a> <a href="https://www.tiktok.com/tag/actress?refer=embed" target="_blank" title="actress">#Actress</a> <a href="https://www.tiktok.com/music/Now-Look-at-This-6941996586901702658?refer=embed" target="_blank" title="♬ Now Look at This - Dramatello">♬ Now Look at This - Dramatello</a> </section> </blockquote> <script async="" src="https://www.tiktok.com/embed.js"></script></div><div><br /></div><h2>Unveiling a Hidden Gem</h2><div>Wilfredo Pascual, a Filipino writer, stumbled upon <a href="https://www.archivo1984.com/exhibition-finding-elena">Elena Jurado's story</a> in the dusty archives of the San Francisco library in 2008. What began as a chance discovery would soon become an obsession. Pascual meticulously pieced together Elena's life story, sifting through archives, periodicals, ancestral records, and manuscripts. He was on a mission to shine a light on this forgotten star.</div><div><br /></div><div>Elena's tale begins in the picturesque town of Sibonga, Cebu, where she was born on May 19, 1901. Her parents' unconventional union symbolized the complex backdrop of the Philippine-American War, with her father, Mark Jacobs, serving as a U.S. Army Sergeant and her mother, Placida Jurado, a local from Sibonga.</div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="408" data-original-width="613" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLA3qbfFXHAh7O5F-a6CguKijaTSh1Fb6UIe8IdG08Mv-k_MWZBqZsIouhLIaFmdWB1S2hcX0aFHLTD2tu0h-mpqVG8Umg4LvBKZ05KEApUxzdKIe-HIVN0ZWoC9JbzPAAmzrQoyR6VmRp6hhR9td4GyF0Duee7mmbA7UpTNKThgVpJEqMga65FSY8qFhA/w640-h426/image_2023-09-25_174522350_SrBq5__please_credit%5Bpalette.fm%5D.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="640" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">U.S. Army men out for a good time outside Camp Jossman (1911)</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div>She spent her early years at the U.S. Army base at Camp Jossman in Guimaras where she grew up mingling with children of American personnel and officials. By living an idyllic childhood with an American lifestyle around here, it makes sense for Elena to aspire to achieve her American dream.</div><div><br /></div><h2>A Bride at a Tender Age</h2><div>Elena's life took an unexpected turn at the tender age of 13 when she married Ira O. Jones, a 33-year-old American post office clerk from Indiana. Her mother's written consent permitted this union, and it was a marriage marked by uncertainty. Ira had a previous family in the U.S., leaving Elena and her mother without financial support from her father, who had already moved to the United States with his American wife.</div><div><br /></div><div>In 1919, just a day after Elena's 18th birthday, she and Ira set sail for San Francisco, California, seeking a brighter future. Their initial venture into gold mining in the Sierra Mountains yielded little success, prompting them to relocate to San Francisco. Elena, determined to make her way in a new land, pursued studies in wire transfer technology with hopes of becoming a radio operator.</div><div><br /></div><h2>The First Glimpse of Stardom</h2><div>Elena's entry into the world of Hollywood was serendipitous. She came across a newspaper article about the production of the Arabian film "White Hands" in 1922. The article highlighted the challenges in finding the right cast, particularly actors with an Arabian appearance. Elena decided she had to be a part of this project and approached the studio, despite facing discouragement.</div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="577" data-original-width="433" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJ0ngpw9VwMm_U8eA_Oj9IZkBqsJEWB4iR_L6p1_4bDPbl4T-EJsGvB-QqbBMl59QVYOL8NqNqsdCw9Vhf4gQgXilsQrmhpbw7a2AfXUOQisWUqblnmtwRC5yIBpV12toU3A2MZ1wx35-g1SMFoJuTpQq-ep49qffLJ--e-wXYYEmCFj7bLglnq8erqfTk/w480-h640/2_T2LEW__please_credit%5Bpalette.fm%5D.jpg" width="480" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Elena Jurado in "A Girl in Every Port" (1928)</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div>Her determination caught the attention of Hobart Bosworth, the film's lead actor, who recognized her potential. Elena was cast as a dancer in a café in the film, and her graceful performance left a lasting impression. Bosworth was not only impressed but also somewhat distracted by her presence on set.</div><div><br /></div><h2>The Rise to Fame</h2><div>Elena's talent and charisma quickly propelled her into the limelight. Within six months, newspapers in San Francisco and even the Washington Post recognized her as "The First Filipino Movie Star." Her journey from obscurity to stardom became an inspiring tale of success.</div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="408" data-original-width="613" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEmHtJydV-6jsNhSk8bNEVCwYcqKWiGYWC5Lo5WauaqembqbqDMMSb8Ya39H6Lu3_ClrXKUtiAfmQZcuzchcsAhcABjj8OKFxD66f0IF-bT58TGGR9BvIN1r9HsZXyV2INVdLQzQ4usM3j4b3JKc5P2FFhuXL5H96y9TlxL6BBbSL3HD86WnOZXxcVU6sS/w640-h426/3_yxXQR__please_credit%5Bpalette.fm%5D.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="640" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Intimate scene with lead actor Victor McLaglen</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div>In an interview with Venerando Gonzales, Elena emphasized the importance of education and opportunity for women. She believed that given the chance, women of any race could rise to prominence. Elena was not just a trailblazer but also a voice for women's empowerment.</div><div><br /></div><h2>Overcoming the Odds</h2><div>Elena Jurado's journey to success in Hollywood during her time was indeed marked by significant racial barriers and challenges, including the <a href="https://www.goldenglobes.com/vertical-gallery/asian-actresses-struggled-racism-prejudice-pave-way-next-generations">prevalence of Asian stereotypes</a>, the concept of the "Yellow Peril," and the persistence of Asian tropes in films. Her ability to overcome these obstacles is a testament to her talent, determination, and resilience.</div><div><br /></div><div><h3>Model Asian Stereotypes</h3><div>Hollywood often portrays Asian characters using harmful stereotypes. Asians were frequently depicted as submissive, exotic, and one-dimensional characters, perpetuating harmful misconceptions about their culture and identity.</div><div><br /></div><div>As a Filipina actress, she faced the challenge of breaking free from these limiting stereotypes. Her background was different from the commonly portrayed East Asian characters, but she still had to navigate the industry's preconceived notions about Asian roles.</div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="408" data-original-width="613" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiG9Kc2vXE2gbGvDDGMN6qP_x3ZjvwQQ-WqDyEfb8jIFIpjItnMZCm2aK7WtdeIgJXv5eunfUB6MaweVHZQuO5neDSjNiuDaI0_IXr2FjUGOkW7lerefFpmsvgigIVSi8FtpVbn-aQn1QUZFXYRzTydPhY8Qqt1yC8wp7a0KpSM9yMUGGWxJmYnksM-jh_8/w640-h426/1_5G2hq__please_credit%5Bpalette.fm%5D.webp" width="640" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">With other actresses and lead actor Erich von Stroheim</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div>Elena's determination and talent allowed her to challenge these stereotypes. <a href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/rutland-daily-herald-elena-jurado-brief/39316921/">Her role in "White Hands"</a> as an Arabian dancer showcased her versatility and broke away from the typical Asian characterizations. Her graceful performance captivated audiences and demonstrated that Asian actors could portray a wide range of roles beyond the stereotypes. Aside from her native Cebuano, <a href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-philadelphia-inquirer-elena-jurado-s/64179340/">she speaks four foreign languages</a> - English, Spanish, French, and Italian.</div><div><br /></div><h3>Yellow Peril</h3><div>The "Yellow Peril" was a term used to describe the fear and xenophobia toward Asian immigrants, particularly in the United States. This fear was fueled by prejudices and misconceptions about Asian cultures and their perceived threat to Western society.</div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="638" data-original-width="392" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjI721zi-rcJkk5Xd30bNYwUrz8ri6_tGYa8BDqYUzVi215FkwyecXUDAkQeMgAqXGGhpW53euCctTbkQ7hPjWMxfugXsRUCLlkhRDiJ0Yu0_HICXmqOc77qLa1qVbziKv5slWlylUDCB4a0tfFckO-HtScDTai_JG7vjQ7xSXRpIlF-uXcKGYcNRdqHgch/w394-h640/1_gi9LT__please_credit%5Bpalette.fm%5D.jpg" width="394" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Ironically, she was also known as the "Swede." Her dad remarried one.</td></tr></tbody></table><div><br /></div><div>She faced the stereotypes associated with the concept. Hollywood's <a href="https://seasia.co/2023/07/26/meet-elena-jurado-the-first-southeast-asian-movie-star-in-hollywood">portrayal of Asian characters</a> often played into these fears, further perpetuating discrimination and bias. By humanizing her characters on screen, she showed depth and complexity in her roles by undermining the fear-based narratives. Through her performances, she demonstrated that Asians were not a monolithic threat but individuals with unique stories and talents.</div><div><br /></div><h3>Asian Tropes in Films</h3><div>Hollywood films of Elena's time frequently relied on clichéd Asian tropes, such as the "Dragon Lady," the "Fu Manchu" villain, or the submissive "Lotus Flower." These tropes reduced Asian characters to simplistic and often negative archetypes.</div><div><br /></div><div>Overcoming the prevalence of these tropes was a significant hurdle for Elena. She had to navigate an industry that often favored these well-established and familiar characterizations, making it challenging for Asian actors to land diverse and meaningful roles. Despite her best efforts, she wasn't casted in more prominent roles later in her career as the industry shifted from the silent to the sound era. Although she may have starred in a few more films, many don't have credits under her name.</div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="387" data-original-width="494" height="502" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6mD5-w1JMewADQfdE7HKv3QFJHSMFeXXkFbzs2zxbbLUhDQnVs5Us4GBW95LCE0OOddloYVDWg8N0vvMAKrNdvI7oEM0a9mbJ0ZchjXxYpexqnyEIevN3XTUpixP5aJ8wihzznm4Ou6TrTxPGnq11xyYHt3Wmrdw_IsLE2Bp-32jpOoEvvQca3GlEMfyJ/w640-h502/3_I7R1T__please_credit%5Bpalette.fm%5D.webp" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="640" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Jurado is credited for her first film appearance with "White Hands" in 1922</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div>She was way ahead of her time. In fact, she tried to promote the idea that U.S. movie producers should <a href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/honolulu-star-bulletin-elena-jurado-arti/37117520/">feature the Philippines as it should be</a>. At that time, most Americans didn't even know about their far-flung colony at all.</div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/vYIn47EF0Us?si=BK_879xhSa4MPt3X" title="YouTube video player" width="560"></iframe></div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/rA-FWUkXzpU?si=nARCLWCFUSZuWzQg" title="YouTube video player" width="560"></iframe></div><div><br /></div><div>Her Hollywood success was groundbreaking not only for her <a href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/rutland-news-elena-jurado-literary-talen/37117719/">personal achievements</a> but also for the broader impact it had on challenging racial barriers and stereotypes in the film industry. Through her talent and determination, she helped pave the way for greater diversity and representation of Asian actors in Hollywood, contributing to a more inclusive and accurate portrayal of Asian cultures and identities in cinema. Her legacy serves as a reminder of the power of individual determination in dismantling stereotypes and overcoming racial barriers in the entertainment world.</div></div><div><br /></div><h2>A Twist in the Fairy Tale</h2><div>However, Elena's Hollywood fairy tale took a different turn in 1923. She filed a lawsuit against the Motion Picture Utility Corporation, seeking $2,261 in unpaid fees and expenses incurred while filming in the Philippines. The ambitious project to turn San Francisco into a second Hollywood had failed to attract enough investors, leading to financial disputes. Elena's case against the production company was eventually dismissed. Her action alone reminds us that she is ahead of her time just as today, a century later, when writers, actors, and other industry creatives went on strike against the very same industry.</div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="333" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiosOqJq7qo_R6d3UQFP7sez9HyRyJpkswEvvTddcTfIbI9avrYtsENkQ7YXtK5MVcDpk7YLmaIkptUVEes_zW2kGCBy6-uCR9LUDdXfH4TZqIti7jRurZjPMJuebGttjOdyh4uQPDgjwKhWJm9aXch3IOcY_pRWxpOw3Rt-DWDRj9IeNzATNGg2dI1jmkJ/w356-h640/9elena.jpg" width="356" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Jurado sued the Motion Picture Utility Corporation in 1923</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div>Despite this setback, Elena continued her silent film career in Hollywood. She appeared in several films, often in minor roles, alongside Hollywood legends like Victor McLaglen, Dolores del Rio, Fay Wray, and Louise Brooks. Her filmography, though not extensive, showcased her talent and resilience.</div><div><br /></div><h2>The Later Years</h2><div>As Elena's film career continued, her personal life underwent significant changes. She separated from her first husband, Ira Jones, who had been ill for some time. Elena remarried Andrew James Wingate, a draftsman from New York, and they had a son together. Elena also <a href="https://www.ancestry.com/imageviewer/collections/2442/images/m-t0627-00427-00625?ssrc=&backlabel=Return&pId=74788383">worked as a kindergarten teacher during this period</a>.</div><div><br /></div><div>Elena's journey came full circle when she passed away on her 73rd birthday, May 19, 1974, in a Los Angeles County home for the elderly. Her grave marker simply read: "Mother, Elena J. Wingate, 1901-1974." There are no records indicating that she returned to her native Philippines, the land that could have embraced her as their "Island Cinderella" and the first Filipina movie star to shine in Hollywood.</div><div><br /></div><div>Elena Jurado's story is not just a tale of Hollywood glamour but also a testament to the indomitable spirit of a Filipina who defied the odds, overcame stereotypes, and left her mark on the world's most famous film industry. Her legacy lives on, inspiring generations to chase their dreams, regardless of their background or the barriers they face. Elena Jurado, <a href="https://queencitycebu.com/first-filipino-in-hollywood-elena-jurado/">the first Filipina actress to grace Hollywood</a>, will forever be remembered as a pioneer and a symbol of unwavering determination.</div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><h2 style="text-align: justify;"><b>Elena Jurado's Family Tree</b></h2><div style="text-align: justify;"><div><b>Generation 1</b></div><div>1. <u>Robert B. Wingate</u>, son of Andrew James Wingate and Elena Jurado. </div><div><br /></div><div><b>Generation 2</b></div><div>2. <u>Andrew James Wingate</u> was born in 1914. He married Elena Jurado (daughter of Mark Lewis
Jacobs and Placida Jurado).</div><div>3. <u><a href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/97697499/elena-jurado-wingate">Elena Jurado</a></u> (daughter of Mark Lewis Jacobs and Placida Jurado) was born on 19 May 1901 in
Sibonga, Cebu, Philippines. She died on 15 May 1974 in Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California,
USA.</div><div><br /></div><div>Elena Jurado and Andrew James Wingate had the following child:</div><div>1. i. Robert B. Wingate (son of Andrew James Wingate and Elena Jurado).</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Generation 3</b></div><div>6. <u>Mark Lewis Jacobs</u> (son of William Edward Jacobs and Cindona Antonia Culver) was born on
12 Dec 1877 in Shiawassee, Michigan, USA. He died on 14 Jan 1967 in Los Angeles, Los
Angeles, California, USA. He married Placida Jurado.</div><div>7. <u>Placida Jurado</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>Placida Jurado and Mark Lewis Jacobs had the following child:</div><div>3. i. Elena Jurado (daughter of Mark Lewis Jacobs and Placida Jurado) was born on
19 May 1901 in Sibonga, Cebu, Philippines. She died on 15 May 1974 in Los
Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA. She married Ira O. Jones in 1914 in the Philippines. He was born on 16 Apr 1881 in Indiana, USA. He died on 26 Mar
1942 in Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA. She married Andrew James
Wingate. He was born in 1914.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Generation 4</b></div><div>12. <u>William Edward Jacobs</u> (son of Francis Jacobs and Prudence Lincoln) was born on 23 Feb
1840 in Rutland, Vermont, USA. He died on 04 Sep 1925 in Shiawassee, Michigan, USA. He
married Cindona Antonia Culver.</div><div>13. <u>Cindona Antonia Culver</u> was born on 06 May 1843 in Bath, Clinton, Michigan, USA. She died
on 29 Aug 1918 in Corunna, Shiawassee, Michigan, USA.</div><div><br /></div><div>Cindona Antonia Culver and William Edward Jacobs had the following child:</div><div>6. i. Mark Lewis Jacobs (son of William Edward Jacobs and Cindona Antonia Culver)
was born on 12 Dec 1877 in Shiawassee, Michigan, USA. He died on 14 Jan
1967 in Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA. He married Placida Jurado.
He married Rose Larson. She was born on 09 Jun 1887 in Sweden. She died on
08 May 1957 in Mobile, Alabama, USA. </div><div><br /></div><div><b>Generation 5</b></div><div>24. <u>Francis Jacobs</u> was born on 20 Apr 1806 in Quebec, Canada. He died on 19 Jun 1870 in
Genesee, Michigan, USA. He married Prudence Lincoln (daughter of Steven Lincoln and Polly
Abbey). </div><div>25. <u>Prudence Lincoln</u> (daughter of Steven Lincoln and Polly Abbey) was born on 13 Oct 1805 in
Windham, Connecticut, USA. She died on 28 Aug 1871 in Shiawassee, Michigan, USA.</div><div><br /></div><div>Prudence Lincoln and Francis Jacobs had the following child:</div><div>12. i. William Edward Jacobs (son of Francis Jacobs and Prudence Lincoln) was born
on 23 Feb 1840 in Rutland, Vermont, USA. He died on 04 Sep 1925 in
Shiawassee, Michigan, USA. He married Cindona Antonia Culver. She was born
on 06 May 1843 in Bath, Clinton, Michigan, USA. She died on 29 Aug 1918 in
Corunna, Shiawassee, Michigan, USA. </div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Generation 6</b></div><div style="text-align: justify;">50. <u>Steven Lincoln</u> was born on 04 Mar 1777 in Windham, Connecticut, USA. He died on 09 May
1872 in Genesee, Michigan, USA. He married Polly Abbey (daughter of Jeduthan Abbey and
Lucretia Bement).</div><div style="text-align: justify;">51. <u>Polly Abbey</u> (daughter of Jeduthan Abbey and Lucretia Bement) was born on 19 Mar 1785 in
Hartford, Connecticut, USA. She died in 1860 in Genesee, Michigan, USA.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Polly Abbey and Steven Lincoln had the following child:</div><div style="text-align: justify;">25. i. Prudence Lincoln (daughter of Steven Lincoln and Polly Abbey) was born on 13
Oct 1805 in Windham, Connecticut, USA. She died on 28 Aug 1871 in
Shiawassee, Michigan, USA. She married Francis Jacobs. He was born on 20
Apr 1806 in Quebec, Canada. He died on 19 Jun 1870 in Genesee, Michigan,
USA. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Generation 7</b></div><div style="text-align: justify;">102. <u>Jeduthan Abbey</u>. He married Lucretia Bement.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">103. <u>Lucretia Bement</u>.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Lucretia Bement and Jeduthan Abbey had the following child:</div><div style="text-align: justify;">51. i. Polly Abbey (daughter of Jeduthan Abbey and Lucretia Bement) was born on 19
Mar 1785 in Hartford, Connecticut, USA. She died in 1860 in Genesee, Michigan,
USA. She married Steven Lincoln. He was born on 04 Mar 1777 in Windham,
Connecticut, USA. He died on 09 May 1872 in Genesee, Michigan, USA</div>JP Canonigohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03867309680955928358noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2148827822363692190.post-48478254952234551852023-09-22T18:26:00.000+08:002023-10-04T15:04:47.326+08:00Finding Their Roots: My Wife's Fascinating Royal Lineage<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="1920" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhul1BzJrKcO0n6Q5u99SCQLzBI-DbddYWZ7XvwtkmB0oqU5Aun3bYJIdEYOVe12_5uypWoDLG6cBGAT6_0Xk_4FrCjKDyOP4GPhZ_MkpeoTP6Jfv1jP8sZqsGj5yJyRdcKXqUlv1qYVp8KYRITkfwvl4HZi6bdVXD0fcLQempIEqB1_4HLYBIvWpZs46RN/w640-h360/image_2023-09-22_164027755.png" width="640" /></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">I have been keeping track of my family history for years as an homage to my father and mother who both passed away. It has been an interesting journey to be able to travel back in time to find out who their ancestors were and more importantly, find out who I am and where I came from. <a href="https://www.istoryadista.net/2023/04/serendipity-is-magical-word.html">Now that I'm married</a>, I am looking forward to this new chapter in life where I have to do a family tree for my wife so that <a href="https://www.istoryadista.net/2017/05/3-reasons-why-family-tree-is-important.html">our children will be able to trace their lineage</a> from my side and her side.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">What makes it even more interesting is the fact that my wife has a more fascinating family history than I do. Considering the fact that they have a unique cultural heritage - ethnicity and nationality, I expect to encounter wonderful stories and unexpected challenges in figuring out what her family tree may look like. Since she's Indonesian, they have different naming conventions where they follow the typical first-name and last-name combination. In fact, there are a lot of Indonesians that have a single name only while there are those who follow our naming conventions by having an actual family name.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">In my wife's case, she doesn't have a family name since both her parents and grandparents have different names, same goes for her brother, cousins, and other relatives. It is important to note that they have Christians and Muslims on both sides of the family so that would mean different cultural dynamics are at play. From the stories that I heard from both sides of her family, her father's side is descended from the royal family of Yogyakarta (going as far back as the Majapahit Empire and other successor states) and her mom has Dutch ancestry to a certain branch of their tree. For now, it is still a work in progress that I have to investigate. Too bad, I have yet to get her to <a href="https://www.istoryadista.net/2020/03/finding-my-roots-unexpected-dna-results.html">use the Ancestry DNA kit</a>. More importantly, I don't have access to the official royal family tree to check other branches of the tree so I have to focus mainly on the direct male ancestors for now.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">For privacy concerns, I will skip a couple of generations but will focus solely on the branch of my wife's paternal line to show her connections to prominent figures in their country's rich history. With that being said, we start with Raden Kromodana, her 2x great-grandfather (Generation 5).</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/WUwUCOlFRkE?si=uP8BP0Y4DwLTC9W7" title="YouTube video player" width="560"></iframe></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div><b>Generation 5</b></div><div>1. <u>Raden Kromodrana</u>, son of Raden Wanadangsa and x. He married X.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Generation 6</b></div><div>2. <u>Raden Wanadangsa</u>. He married X.</div><div>3. <u>X</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>x and Raden Wanadangsa had the following child:</div><div>1. i. Raden Kromodrana (son of Raden Wanadangsa and x). He married x.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Generation 7</b></div><div>4. <u>Raden Wongsaimo</u>. He married X.</div><div>5. X.</div><div><br /></div><div>x and Raden Wongsaimo had the following child:</div><div>2. i. Raden Wanadangsa (son of Raden Wongsaimo and x). He married x.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Generation 8</b></div><div>8. <u>Raden Driparta</u>. He married X.</div><div>9. <u>X</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>x and Raden Driparta had the following child:</div><div>4. i. Raden Wongsaimo (son of Raden Driparta and x). He married x.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Generation 9</b></div><div>16. <u>Raden Salam Imam</u>. He married X.</div><div>17. <u>X</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>x and Raden Salam Imam had the following child:</div><div>8. i. Raden Driparta (son of Raden Salam Imam and x). He married x.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Generation 10</b></div><div>32. <u>Pangeran Adipati Teposono</u>. He married X.</div><div>33. <u>X</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>x and Pangeran Adipati Teposono had the following child:</div><div>16. i. Raden Salam Imam (son of Pangeran Adipati Teposono and x). He married x.</div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/xNK2km65DVA?si=X804W1iHpqfwDpUb" title="YouTube video player" width="560"></iframe></div><div><br /></div><div><b>Generation 11</b></div><div>64. <u>Kyai Gede Mataram</u> (son of Ki Ageng Enis and Nyai Ageng Ngenis) was born in 1501 in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. He died in 1584 in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. He married Nyai Sabinah (daughter of Ki Ageng Saba and Nyai Ageng Wonosobo).</div><div>65. <u>Nyai Sabinah</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>Nyai Sabinah and Kyai Gede Mataram had the following child:</div><div>32. i. Pangeran Adipati Teposono (son of Kyai Gede Mataram and Nyai Sabinah). He married x.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Generation 12</b></div><div>128. <u>Ki Ageng Enis</u>. He died in 1503 in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. He married Nyai Ageng Ngenis.</div><div>129. <u>Nyai Ageng Ngenis</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>Nyai Ageng Ngenis and Ki Ageng Enis had the following child:</div><div>64. i. Kyai Gede Mataram (son of Ki Ageng Enis and Nyai Ageng Ngenis) was born in 1501 in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. He died in 1584 in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. He married Nyai Sabinah (daughter of Ki Ageng Saba and Nyai Ageng Wonosobo).</div><div><br /></div><div>130. <u>Ki Ageng Saba</u>. He married Nyai Ageng Wonosobo (daughter of Ki Ageng Sela and Nyai</div><div>Bicak).</div><div>131. <u>Nyai Ageng Wonosobo</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>Nyai Ageng Wonosobo and Ki Ageng Saba had the following child:</div><div>65. i. Nyai Sabinah (daughter of Ki Ageng Saba and Nyai Ageng Wonosobo). She married Kyai Gede Mataram (son of Ki Ageng Enis and Nyai Ageng Ngenis). He was born in 1501 in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. He died in 1584 in Yogyakarta, Indonesia.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Generation 13</b></div><div>256. <u>Ki Ageng Sela</u>. He married Nyai Bicak (daughter of Ki Ageng Ngerang I and Nyai Siti Rochmah).</div><div>257. <u>Nyai Bicak</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>Nyai Bicak and Ki Ageng Sela had the following children:</div><div>128. i. Ki Ageng Enis (son of Ki Ageng Sela and Nyai Bicak). He died in 1503 in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. He married Nyai Ageng Ngenis.</div><div>131. ii. Nyai Ageng Wonosobo (daughter of Ki Ageng Sela and Nyai Bicak). She married Ki Ageng Saba (son of Ki Ageng Pandanaran and Nyai Made Pandan).</div><div><br /></div><div>260. <u>Ki Ageng Pandanaran</u>. He married Nyai Made Pandan.</div><div>261. <u>Nyai Made Pandan</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>Nyai Made Pandan and Ki Ageng Pandanaran had the following child:</div><div>130. i. Ki Ageng Saba (son of Ki Ageng Pandanaran and Nyai Made Pandan). He married Nyai Ageng Wonosobo (daughter of Ki Ageng Sela and Nyai Bicak).</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Generation 14</b></div><div>514. <u>Ki Ageng Ngerang I</u>. He married Nyai Siti Rochmah.</div><div>515. <u>Nyai Siti Rochmah</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>Nyai Siti Rochmah and Ki Ageng Ngerang I had the following child:</div><div>257. i. Nyai Bicak (daughter of Ki Ageng Ngerang I and Nyai Siti Rochmah). She married Ki Ageng Sela.</div><div><br /></div><div>520. <u>Ki Ageng Wonosobo</u>. He married X.</div><div>521. <u>X</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>x and Ki Ageng Wonosobo had the following child:</div><div>260. i. Ki Ageng Pandanaran (son of Ki Ageng Wonosobo and x). He married Nyai Made Pandan.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Generation 15</b></div><div>1040. <u>Raden Bondan Kedjawan</u>. He married Dewi Retno Nawangsih (daughter of Raden Kidang Telangkas and Dewi Nawangwulan).</div><div>1041. <u>Dewi Retno Nawangsih</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>Dewi Retno Nawangsih and Raden Bondan Kedjawan had the following child:</div><div>520. i. Ki Ageng Wonosobo (son of Raden Bondan Kedjawan and Dewi Retno Nawangsih). He married x.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Generation 16</b></div><div>2080. <u>Brawijaya V</u> (son of Brawijaya II and Dyah Duhitendu Dewi) was born in 1421 in Jawa Timur, Indonesia. He died in 1478 in Jawa Barat, Indonesia. He married Dewi Dwarawati (daughter of Go Hwat Tan and Te Yo Siu).</div><div>2081. D<u>ewi Dwarawati</u> (daughter of Go Hwat Tan and Te Yo Siu) was born in 1403 in Cẩm Phả, Quang Ninh, Vietnam. She died in 1448 in Mojokerto, East Java, Indonesia.</div><div><br /></div><div>Dewi Dwarawati and Brawijaya V had the following child:</div><div>1040. i. Raden Bondan Kedjawan (son of Brawijaya V and Dewi Dwarawati). He married Dewi Retno Nawangsih (daughter of Raden Kidang Telangkas and Dewi Nawangwulan).</div><div><br /></div><div>2082. <u>Raden Kidang Telangkas</u>. He married Dewi Nawangwulan.</div><div>2083. <u>Dewi Nawangwulan</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>Dewi Nawangwulan and Raden Kidang Telangkas had the following child:</div><div>1041. i. Dewi Retno Nawangsih (daughter of Raden Kidang Telangkas and Dewi Nawangwulan). She married Raden Bondan Kedjawan (son of Brawijaya V and Dewi Dwarawati).</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Generation 17</b></div><div>4160. <u>Brawijaya II</u>. He married Dyah Duhitendu Dewi (daughter of Wijayarajasa and Dyah Wiyat).</div><div>4161. <u>Dyah Duhitendu Dewi</u>. She died in 1382.</div><div><br /></div><div>Dyah Duhitendu Dewi and Brawijaya II had the following child:</div><div>2080. i. Brawijaya V (son of Brawijaya II and Dyah Duhitendu Dewi) was born in 1421 in Jawa Timur, Indonesia. He died in 1478 in Jawa Barat, Indonesia. He married Dewi Dwarawati (daughter of Go Hwat Tan and Te Yo Siu). She was born in 1403 in Cẩm Phả, Quang Ninh, Vietnam. She died in 1448 in Mojokerto, East Java, Indonesia.</div><div><br /></div><div>4162. <u>Go Hwat Tan</u>. He married Te Yo Siu.</div><div>4163. <u>Te Yo Siu</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>Te Yo Siu and Go Hwat Tan had the following child:</div><div>2081. i. Dewi Dwarawati (daughter of Go Hwat Tan and Te Yo Siu) was born in 1403 in Cẩm Phả, Quang Ninh, Vietnam. She died in 1448 in Mojokerto, East Java, Indonesia. She married Brawijaya V (son of Brawijaya II and Dyah Duhitendu Dewi). He was born in 1421 in Jawa Timur, Indonesia. He died in 1478 in Jawa Barat, Indonesia.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Generation 18</b></div><div>8320. <u>Brawijaya I</u>. He died in 1451. He married Jayawardhani Dyah Jayeswari.</div><div>8321. <u>Jayawardhani Dyah Jayeswari</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>Jayawardhani Dyah Jayeswari and Brawijaya I had the following child:</div><div>4160. i. Brawijaya II (son of Brawijaya I and Jayawardhani Dyah Jayeswari). He married Dyah Duhitendu Dewi (daughter of Wijayarajasa and Dyah Wiyat). She died in 1382.</div><div><br /></div><div>8322. <u>Wijayarajasa</u>. He married Dyah Wiyat (daughter of Raden Wijaya and Dyah Gayatri).</div><div>8323. <u>Dyah Wiyat</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>Dyah Wiyat and Wijayarajasa had the following child:</div><div>4161. i. Dyah Duhitendu Dewi (daughter of Wijayarajasa and Dyah Wiyat). She died in 1382. She married Brawijaya II (son of Brawijaya I and Jayawardhani Dyah Jayeswari).</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Generation 19</b></div><div>16640. <u>Wikramawardhana</u>. He married Putri Bhre Wirabhumi.</div><div>16641. <u>Putri Bhre Wirabhumi</u>. She died in 1426.</div><div>Putri Bhre Wirabhumi and Wikramawardhana had the following child:</div><div>8320. i. Brawijaya I (son of Wikramawardhana and Putri Bhre Wirabhumi). He died in 1451. He married Jayawardhani Dyah Jayeswari.</div><div><br /></div><div>16646. <u>Raden Wijaya</u> (son of Rakryan Jayadharma and Dyah Singamurti) was born in 1238 in Kediri, East Java, Indonesia. He died in 1309 in Kediri, East Java, Indonesia. He married Dyah Gayatri (daughter of Kertanegara and Sri Bajradewi).</div><div>16647. <u>Dyah Gayatri</u> (daughter of Kertanegara and Sri Bajradewi) was born in 1276 in Singosari, East Java, Indonesia.</div><div><br /></div><div>Dyah Gayatri and Raden Wijaya had the following children:</div><div>66563. i. Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi (daughter of Raden Wijaya and Dyah Gayatri) was born in 1309 in Singosari, East Java, Indonesia. She died in 1350. She married Kertawardhana (son of Adwayawarman and Dara Jingga). He died in 1386.</div><div>8323. ii. Dyah Wiyat (daughter of Raden Wijaya and Dyah Gayatri). She married Wijayarajasa.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Generation 20</b></div><div>33280. <u>Raden Sumana</u>. He married Rajasaduhiteswari Dyah Nartaja (daughter of Kertawardhana and Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi).</div><div>33281. <u>Rajasaduhiteswari Dyah Nartaja</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>Rajasaduhiteswari Dyah Nartaja and Raden Sumana had the following child:</div><div>16640. i. Wikramawardhana (son of Raden Sumana and Rajasaduhiteswari Dyah Nartaja). He married Putri Bhre Wirabhumi. She died in 1426.</div><div><br /></div><div>33292. <u>Rakryan Jayadharma</u>. He married Dyah Singamurti (daughter of Mahisa Cempaka and x).</div><div>33293. <u>Dyah Singamurti</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>Dyah Singamurti and Rakryan Jayadharma had the following child:</div><div>133126. i. Raden Wijaya (son of Rakryan Jayadharma and Dyah Singamurti) was born in</div><div>1238 in Kediri, East Java, Indonesia. He died in 1309 in Kediri, East Java, Indonesia. He married Dyah Gayatri (daughter of Kertanegara and Sri Bajradewi). She was born in 1276 in Singosari, East Java, Indonesia. He married Tribhuwana (daughter of Kertanegara and Sri Bajradewi). He married Prajnaparamita (daughter of Kertanegara and Sri Bajradewi). He married Indreswari. He married Dyah Duhita (daughter of Kertanegara and Sri Bajradewi).</div><div><br /></div><div>33294. <u>Kertanegara</u> (son of Wishnu Wardana and Jayawardhani) was born in 1250 in Singosari, East</div><div>Java, Indonesia. He died in 1292 in Singosari, East Java, Indonesia (Killed by Jayakatwang). He</div><div>married Sri Bajradewi.</div><div>33295. <u>Sri Bajradewi</u> was born in 1250.</div><div><br /></div><div>Sri Bajradewi and Kertanegara had the following children:</div><div>i. x (daughter of Kertanegara and Sri Bajradewi). She married Ardharaja (son of Jayakatwang and x). He was born in Kediri, East Java, Indonesia.</div><div>ii. Tribhuwana (daughter of Kertanegara and Sri Bajradewi). She married Raden Wijaya (son of Rakryan Jayadharma and Dyah Singamurti). He was born in 1238 in Kediri, East Java, Indonesia. He died in 1309 in Kediri, East Java, Indonesia.</div><div>iii. Prajnaparamita (daughter of Kertanegara and Sri Bajradewi). She married Raden Wijaya (son of Rakryan Jayadharma and Dyah Singamurti). He was born in 1238 in Kediri, East Java, Indonesia. He died in 1309 in Kediri, East Java, Indonesia.</div><div>iv. Dyah Duhita (daughter of Kertanegara and Sri Bajradewi). She married Raden Wijaya (son of Rakryan Jayadharma and Dyah Singamurti). He was born in 1238 in Kediri, East Java, Indonesia. He died in 1309 in Kediri, East Java, Indonesia.</div><div>133127. v. Dyah Gayatri (daughter of Kertanegara and Sri Bajradewi) was born in 1276 in Singosari, East Java, Indonesia. She married Raden Wijaya (son of Rakryan Jayadharma and Dyah Singamurti). He was born in 1238 in Kediri, East Java, Indonesia. He died in 1309 in Kediri, East Java, Indonesia.</div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/0Ox3U5CsJc4?si=pntjWsgEEePdXhld" title="YouTube video player" width="560"></iframe></div><div><br /></div><div><b>Generation 21</b></div><div>66562. <u>Kertawardhana</u>. He died in 1386. He married Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi (daughter of Raden Wijaya and Dyah Gayatri).</div><div>66563. <u>Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi</u> (daughter of Raden Wijaya and Dyah Gayatri) was born in 1309 in Singosari, East Java, Indonesia. She died in 1350.</div><div><br /></div><div>Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi and Kertawardhana had the following children:</div><div>i. Hayam Wuruk (son of Kertawardhana and Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi) was born in 1334. He died in 1389. He married Paduka Sori (daughter of Wijayarajasa and x). He married x.</div><div>33281. ii. Rajasaduhiteswari Dyah Nartaja (daughter of Kertawardhana and Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi). She married Raden Sumana.</div><div>iii. Iswari (daughter of Kertawardhana and Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi). She married Singhwardhana.</div><div><br /></div><div>66584. <u>Prabu Guru Dharmasiksa</u>. He married X.</div><div>66585. <u>X</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>x and Prabu Guru Dharmasiksa had the following child:</div><div>266252. i. Rakryan Jayadharma (son of Prabu Guru Dharmasiksa and x). He married Dyah Singamurti (daughter of Mahisa Cempaka and x).</div><div><br /></div><div>66586. <u>Mahisa Cempaka</u>. He died in 1269. He married X.</div><div>66587. <u>X</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>x and Mahisa Cempaka had the following child:</div><div>266253. i. Dyah Singamurti (daughter of Mahisa Cempaka and x). She married Rakryan Jayadharma (son of Prabu Guru Dharmasiksa and x).</div><div><br /></div><div>66588. <u>Wishnu Wardana</u>. He married Jayawardhani (daughter of Mahisa Wong Ateleng and x).</div><div>66589. <u>Jayawardhani</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>Jayawardhani and Wishnu Wardana had the following child:</div><div>266254. i. Kertanegara (son of Wishnu Wardana and Jayawardhani) was born in 1250 in Singosari, East Java, Indonesia. He died in 1292 in Singosari, East Java, Indonesia (Killed by Jayakatwang). He married Sri Bajradewi. She was born in 1250.</div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/q-GQSUmR7no?si=i9CImIt5aFbH3rTh" title="YouTube video player" width="560"></iframe></div><div><br /></div><div><b>Generation 22</b></div><div>133124. <u>Adwayawarman</u>. He married Dara Jingga.</div><div>133125. <u>Dara Jingga</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>Dara Jingga and Adwayawarman had the following child:</div><div>66562. i. Kertawardhana (son of Adwayawarman and Dara Jingga). He died in 1386. He married Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi (daughter of Raden Wijaya and Dyah Gayatri). She was born in 1309 in Singosari, East Java, Indonesia. She died in 1350. He married x.</div><div><br /></div><div>133126. <u>Raden Wijaya</u> (son of Rakryan Jayadharma and Dyah Singamurti) was born in 1238 in</div><div>Kediri, East Java, Indonesia. He died in 1309 in Kediri, East Java, Indonesia. He</div><div>married Dyah Gayatri (daughter of Kertanegara and Sri Bajradewi).</div><div>133127. <u>Dyah Gayatri</u> (daughter of Kertanegara and Sri Bajradewi) was born in 1276 in</div><div>Singosari, East Java, Indonesia.</div><div><br /></div><div>Dyah Gayatri and Raden Wijaya had the following children:</div><div>66563. i. Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi (daughter of Raden Wijaya and Dyah Gayatri) was born in 1309 in Singosari, East Java, Indonesia. She died in 1350. She married Kertawardhana (son of Adwayawarman and Dara Jingga). He died in 1386.</div><div>8323. ii. Dyah Wiyat (daughter of Raden Wijaya and Dyah Gayatri). She married Wijayarajasa.</div><div><br /></div><div>133168. <u>Prabu Dharmakusuma</u>. He died in 1175. He married X.</div><div>133169. <u>X</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>x and Prabu Dharmakusuma had the following child:</div><div>532504. i. Prabu Guru Dharmasiksa (son of Prabu Dharmakusuma and x). He married x.</div><div><br /></div><div>133172. <u>Mahisa Wong Ateleng</u>. He married X.</div><div>133173. <u>X</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>x and Mahisa Wong Ateleng had the following children:</div><div>532509. i. Jayawardhani (daughter of Mahisa Wong Ateleng and x). She married Wishnu Wardana (son of Anusapati and x).</div><div>532506. ii. Mahisa Cempaka (son of Mahisa Wong Ateleng and x). He died in 1269. He married x.</div><div><br /></div><div>133176. <u>Anusapati</u>. He died in 1248 (Assassinated by Tohjaya). He married X.</div><div>133177. <u>X</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>x and Anusapati had the following child:</div><div>532508. i. Wishnu Wardana (son of Anusapati and x). He married Jayawardhani (daughter of Mahisa Wong Ateleng and x).</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Generation 23</b></div><div>266252. <u>Rakryan Jayadharma</u>. He married Dyah Singamurti (daughter of Mahisa Cempaka</div><div>and x).</div><div>266253. <u>Dyah Singamurti</u>.</div><div>Dyah Singamurti and Rakryan Jayadharma had the following child:</div><div>133126. i. Raden Wijaya (son of Rakryan Jayadharma and Dyah Singamurti) was born in 1238 in Kediri, East Java, Indonesia. He died in 1309 in Kediri, East Java, Indonesia. He married Dyah Gayatri (daughter of Kertanegara and Sri Bajradewi). She was born in 1276 in Singosari, East Java, Indonesia. He married Tribhuwana (daughter of Kertanegara and Sri Bajradewi). He married Prajnaparamita (daughter of Kertanegara and Sri Bajradewi). He married Indreswari. He married Dyah Duhita (daughter of Kertanegara and Sri Bajradewi).</div><div><br /></div><div>266254. <u>Kertanegara</u> (son of Wishnu Wardana and Jayawardhani) was born in 1250 in Singosari, East Java, Indonesia. He died in 1292 in Singosari, East Java, Indonesia (Killed by Jayakatwang). He married Sri Bajradewi.</div><div>266255. <u>Sri Bajradewi</u> was born in 1250.</div><div><br /></div><div>Sri Bajradewi and Kertanegara had the following children:</div><div>i. x (daughter of Kertanegara and Sri Bajradewi). She married Ardharaja (son of Jayakatwang and x). He was born in Kediri, East Java, Indonesia.</div><div>ii. Tribhuwana (daughter of Kertanegara and Sri Bajradewi). She married Raden Wijaya (son of Rakryan Jayadharma and Dyah Singamurti). He was born in 1238 in Kediri, East Java, Indonesia. He died in 1309 in Kediri, East Java, Indonesia.</div><div>iii. Prajnaparamita (daughter of Kertanegara and Sri Bajradewi). She married Raden Wijaya (son of Rakryan Jayadharma and Dyah Singamurti). He was born in 1238 in Kediri, East Java, Indonesia. He died in 1309 in Kediri, East Java, Indonesia.</div><div>iv. Dyah Duhita (daughter of Kertanegara and Sri Bajradewi). She married Raden Wijaya (son of Rakryan Jayadharma and Dyah Singamurti). He was born in 1238 in Kediri, East Java, Indonesia. He died in 1309 in Kediri, East Java, Indonesia.</div><div>133127. v. Dyah Gayatri (daughter of Kertanegara and Sri Bajradewi) was born in 1276 in Singosari, East Java, Indonesia. She married Raden Wijaya (son of Rakryan Jayadharma and Dyah Singamurti). He was born in 1238 in Kediri, East Java, Indonesia. He died in 1309 in Kediri, East Java, Indonesia.</div><div><br /></div><div>266336. <u>Rakryan Jayagiri</u>. He died in 1156. He married X.</div><div>266337. <u>X</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>x and Rakryan Jayagiri had the following child:</div><div>1065008. i. Prabu Dharmakusuma (son of Rakryan Jayagiri and x). He died in 1175. He married x.</div><div><br /></div><div>266344. <u>Sri Ranggah Rajasa</u> (son of Gajah Para and Ken Endrok) was born in 1182. He died</div><div>in 1227 (Assassinated by Anusapati). He married Ken Dedes (daughter of Mpu Purwa</div><div>and x).</div><div>266345. <u>Ken Dedes</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>Ken Dedes and Sri Ranggah Rajasa had the following child:</div><div>1065012. i. Mahisa Wong Ateleng (son of Sri Ranggah Rajasa and Ken Dedes). He married x.</div><div><br /></div><div>266352. <u>Tunggul Ametung</u>. He married Ken Dedes (daughter of Mpu Purwa and x).</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Generation 24</b></div><div>532504. <u>Prabu Guru Dharmasiksa</u>. He married X.</div><div>532505. <u>X</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>x and Prabu Guru Dharmasiksa had the following child:</div><div>266252. i. Rakryan Jayadharma (son of Prabu Guru Dharmasiksa and x). He married Dyah Singamurti (daughter of Mahisa Cempaka and x).</div><div><br /></div><div>532506. <u>Mahisa Cempaka</u>. He died in 1269. He married X.</div><div>532507. <u>X</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>x and Mahisa Cempaka had the following child:</div><div>266253. i. Dyah Singamurti (daughter of Mahisa Cempaka and x). She married Rakryan Jayadharma (son of Prabu Guru Dharmasiksa and x).</div><div><br /></div><div>532508. <u>Wishnu Wardana</u>. He married Jayawardhani (daughter of Mahisa Wong Ateleng and</div><div>x).</div><div>532509. <u>Jayawardhani</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>Jayawardhani and Wishnu Wardana had the following child:</div><div>266254. i. Kertanegara (son of Wishnu Wardana and Jayawardhani) was born in 1250 in Singosari, East Java, Indonesia. He died in 1292 in Singosari, East Java, Indonesia (Killed by Jayakatwang). He married Sri Bajradewi. She was born in 1250.</div><div><br /></div><div>532672. <u>Prabu Langlangbhumi</u>. He died in 1154. He married X.</div><div>532673. <u>X</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>x and Prabu Langlangbhumi had the following child:</div><div>2130016. i. Rakryan Jayagiri (son of Prabu Langlangbhumi and x). He died in 1156. He married x.</div><div><br /></div><div>532688. <u>Gajah Para</u>. He married Ken Endrok.</div><div>532689. <u>Ken Endrok</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>Ken Endrok and Gajah Para had the following child:</div><div>2130024. i. Sri Ranggah Rajasa (son of Gajah Para and Ken Endrok) was born in 1182. He died in 1227 (Assassinated by Anusapati). He married Ken Dedes (daughter of Mpu Purwa and x). He met Ken Umang.</div><div><br /></div><div>532690. <u>Mpu Purwa</u>. He married X.</div><div>532691. <u>X</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>x and Mpu Purwa had the following child:</div><div>2130025. i. Ken Dedes (daughter of Mpu Purwa and x). She married Sri Ranggah Rajasa (son of Gajah Para and Ken Endrok). He was born in 1182. He died in 1227 (Assassinated by Anusapati). She married Tunggul Ametung.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Generation 25</b></div><div>1065008. <u>Prabu Dharmakusuma</u>. He died in 1175. He married X.</div><div>1065009. <u>X</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>x and Prabu Dharmakusuma had the following child:</div><div>532504. i. Prabu Guru Dharmasiksa (son of Prabu Dharmakusuma and x). He married x.</div><div><br /></div><div>1065012. <u>Mahisa Wong Ateleng</u>. He married X.</div><div>1065013. <u>X</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>x and Mahisa Wong Ateleng had the following children:</div><div>532509. i. Jayawardhani (daughter of Mahisa Wong Ateleng and x). She married Wishnu Wardana (son of Anusapati and x).</div><div>532506. ii. Mahisa Cempaka (son of Mahisa Wong Ateleng and x). He died in 1269. He married x.</div><div><br /></div><div>1065016. <u>Anusapati</u>. He died in 1248 (Assassinated by Tohjaya). He married X.</div><div>1065017. <u>X</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>x and Anusapati had the following child:</div><div><br /></div><div>532508. i. Wishnu Wardana (son of Anusapati and x). He married Jayawardhani (daughter of Mahisa Wong Ateleng and x).</div><div><br /></div><div>1065344. <u>X</u>. He married X (daughter of Sri Jayabhupati and x).</div><div>1065345. <u>X</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>x and x had the following child:</div><div>4260032. i. <u>Prabu Langlangbhumi</u> (son of x and x). He died in 1154. He married x.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Generation 26</b></div><div>2130016. <u>Rakryan Jayagiri</u>. He died in 1156. He married X.</div><div>2130017. <u>X</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>x and Rakryan Jayagiri had the following child:</div><div>1065008. i. Prabu Dharmakusuma (son of Rakryan Jayagiri and x). He died in 1175. He married x.</div><div><br /></div><div>2130024. <u>Sri Ranggah Rajasa</u> (son of Gajah Para and Ken Endrok) was born in 1182. He died in 1227 (Assassinated by Anusapati). He married Ken Dedes (daughter of Mpu Purwa and x).</div><div>2130025. <u>Ken Dedes</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>Ken Dedes and Sri Ranggah Rajasa had the following child:</div><div>1065012. i. Mahisa Wong Ateleng (son of Sri Ranggah Rajasa and Ken Dedes). He married x.</div><div><br /></div><div>2130032. <u>Tunggul Ametung</u>. He married Ken Dedes (daughter of Mpu Purwa and x).</div><div><br /></div><div>2130690. <u>Sri Jayabhupati</u>. He died in 1042. He married X (daughter of Dharmawangsa Teguh and x).</div><div>2130691. <u>X</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>x and Sri Jayabhupati had the following child:</div><div>8520065. i. x (daughter of Sri Jayabhupati and x). She married x.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Generation 27</b></div><div>4260032. <u>Prabu Langlangbhumi</u>. He died in 1154. He married X.</div><div>4260033. <u>X</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>x and Prabu Langlangbhumi had the following child:</div><div>2130016. i. Rakryan Jayagiri (son of Prabu Langlangbhumi and x). He died in 1156. He married x.</div><div><br /></div><div>4260048. <u>Gajah Para</u>. He married Ken Endrok.</div><div>4260049. <u>Ken Endrok</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>Ken Endrok and Gajah Para had the following child:</div><div>2130024. i. Sri Ranggah Rajasa (son of Gajah Para and Ken Endrok) was born in 1182. He died in 1227 (Assassinated by Anusapati). He married Ken Dedes (daughter of Mpu Purwa and x). He met Ken Umang.</div><div><br /></div><div>4260050. <u>Mpu Purwa</u>. He married X.</div><div>4260051. <u>X</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>x and Mpu Purwa had the following child:</div><div>2130025. i. Ken Dedes (daughter of Mpu Purwa and x). She married Sri Ranggah Rajasa (son of Gajah Para and Ken Endrok). He was born in 1182. He died in 1227 (Assassinated by Anusapati). She married Tunggul Ametung.</div><div><br /></div><div>4261380. <u>Prabu Sanghyang Ageng</u>. He died in 1030. He married X.</div><div>4261381. <u>X</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>x and Prabu Sanghyang Ageng had the following child:</div><div>17040130. i. Sri Jayabhupati (son of Prabu Sanghyang Ageng and x). He died in 1042. He married x (daughter of Dharmawangsa Teguh and x).</div><div><br /></div><div>4261382. <u>Dharmawangsa Teguh</u>. He married X.</div><div>4261383. <u>X</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>x and Dharmawangsa Teguh had the following child:</div><div>17040131. i. x (daughter of Dharmawangsa Teguh and x). She married Sri Jayabhupati (son of Prabu Sanghyang Ageng and x). He died in 1042.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Generation 28</b></div><div>8520064. <u>X</u>. He married X (daughter of Sri Jayabhupati and x).</div><div>8520065. <u>X</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>x and x had the following child:</div><div>4260032. i. Prabu Langlangbhumi (son of x and x). He died in 1154. He married x.</div><div><br /></div><div>8522760. <u>Prabu Dewasanghyang</u>. He died in 1019. He married X.</div><div>8522761. <u>X</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>x and Prabu Dewasanghyang had the following child:</div><div>34080260. i. Prabu Sanghyang Ageng (son of Prabu Dewasanghyang and x). He died in 1030. He married x.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Generation 29</b></div><div>17040130. <u>Sri Jayabhupati</u>. He died in 1042. He married X (daughter of Dharmawangsa</div><div>Teguh and x).</div><div>17040131. <u>X</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>x and Sri Jayabhupati had the following child:</div><div>8520065. i. x (daughter of Sri Jayabhupati and x). She married x.</div><div><br /></div><div>17045520. <u>Rakryan Gendang</u>. He died in 1012. He married X.</div><div>17045521. <u>X</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>x and Rakryan Gendang had the following child:</div><div>68160520. i. Prabu Dewasanghyang (son of Rakryan Gendang and x). He died in 1019. He married x.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Generation 30</b></div><div>34080260. <u>Prabu Sanghyang Ageng</u>. He died in 1030. He married X.</div><div>34080261. <u>X</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>x and Prabu Sanghyang Ageng had the following child:</div><div>17040130. i. Sri Jayabhupati (son of Prabu Sanghyang Ageng and x). He died in 1042. He married x (daughter of Dharmawangsa Teguh and x).</div><div><br /></div><div>34080262. <u>Dharmawangsa Teguh</u>. He married X.</div><div>34080263. <u>X</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>x and Dharmawangsa Teguh had the following child:</div><div>17040131. i. x (daughter of Dharmawangsa Teguh and x). She married Sri Jayabhupati (son of Prabu Sanghyang Ageng and x). He died in 1042.</div><div><br /></div><div>34091040. <u>Prabu Jayagiri Rakeyan Wulung Gadung</u>. He died in 989 AD. He married X</div><div>(daughter of Sang Limburkancana and x).</div><div>34091041. <u>X</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>x and Prabu Jayagiri Rakeyan Wulung Gadung had the following child:</div><div>136321040. i. Rakryan Gendang (son of Prabu Jayagiri Rakeyan Wulung Gadung and x). He died in 1012. He married x.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Generation 31</b></div><div>68160520. <u>Prabu Dewasanghyang</u>. He died in 1019. He married X.</div><div>68160521. <u>X</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>x and Prabu Dewasanghyang had the following child:</div><div>34080260. i. Prabu Sanghyang Ageng (son of Prabu Dewasanghyang and x). He died in 1030. He married x.</div><div><br /></div><div>68182082. <u>Sang Limburkancana</u>. He died in 964 AD. He married X.</div><div>68182083. <u>X</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>x and Sang Limburkancana had the following child:</div><div>272642081. i. x (daughter of Sang Limburkancana and x). She married Prabu Jayagiri Rakeyan Wulung Gadung. He died in 989 AD.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Generation 32</b></div><div>136321040. <u>Rakryan Gendang</u>. He died in 1012. He married X.</div><div>136321041. <u>X</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>x and Rakryan Gendang had the following child:</div><div>68160520. i. Prabu Dewasanghyang (son of Rakryan Gendang and x). He died in 1019. He married x.</div><div><br /></div><div>136364164. <u>Rakryan Kamuningading</u>. He died in 916 AD. He married X.</div><div>136364165. <u>X</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>x and Rakryan Kamuningading had the following child:</div><div>545284162. i. Sang Limburkancana (son of Rakryan Kamuningading and x). He died in 964 AD. He married x.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Generation 33</b></div><div>272642080. <u>Prabu Jayagiri Rakeyan Wulung Gadung</u>. He died in 989 AD. He married X (daughter of Sang Limburkancana and x).</div><div>272642081. <u>X</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>x and Prabu Jayagiri Rakeyan Wulung Gadung had the following child:</div><div>136321040. i. Rakryan Gendang (son of Prabu Jayagiri Rakeyan Wulung Gadung and x). He died in 1012. He married x.</div><div><br /></div><div>272728328. <u>Rakryan Windusakti</u>. He died in 913 AD. He married X.</div><div>272728329. <u>X</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>x and Rakryan Windusakti had the following child:</div><div>1090568324. i. Rakryan Kamuningading (son of Rakryan Windusakti and x). He died in 916 AD. He married x.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Generation 34</b></div><div>545284162. <u>Sang Limburkancana</u>. He died in 964 AD. He married X.</div><div>545284163. <u>X</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>x and Sang Limburkancana had the following child:</div><div>272642081. i. x (daughter of Sang Limburkancana and x). She married Prabu Jayagiri Rakeyan Wulung Gadung. He died in 989 AD.</div><div><br /></div><div>545456656. <u>Arya Kadatwan</u>. He died in 895 AD. He married X (daughter of Rakryan Diwus</div><div>and x).</div><div>545456657. <u>X</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>x and Arya Kadatwan had the following child:</div><div>2181136648. i. Rakryan Windusakti (son of Arya Kadatwan and x). He died in 913 AD. He married x.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Generation 35</b></div><div>1090568324. <u>Rakryan Kamuningading</u>. He died in 916 AD. He married X.</div><div>1090568325. <u>X</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>x and Rakryan Kamuningading had the following child:</div><div>545284162. i. Sang Limburkancana (son of Rakryan Kamuningading and x). He died in 964 AD. He married x.</div><div><br /></div><div>1090913312. <u>Sang Welengan</u>. He married X.</div><div>1090913313. <u>X</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>x and Sang Welengan had the following child:</div><div>4362273296. i. Arya Kadatwan (son of Sang Welengan and x). He died in 895 AD. He married x (daughter of Rakryan Diwus and x).</div><div><br /></div><div>1090913314. <u>Rakryan Diwus</u>. He died in 819 AD. He married X (daughter of Rakryan Hujungkulon and x).</div><div>1090913315. <u>X</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>x and Rakryan Diwus had the following child:</div><div>4362273297. i. x (daughter of Rakryan Diwus and x). She married Arya Kadatwan (son of Sang Welengan and x). He died in 895 AD.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Generation 36</b></div><div>2181136648. <u>Rakryan Windusakti</u>. He died in 913 AD. He married X.</div><div>2181136649. <u>X</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>x and Rakryan Windusakti had the following child:</div><div>1090568324. i. Rakryan Kamuningading (son of Rakryan Windusakti and x). He died in 916 AD. He married x.</div><div><br /></div><div>2181826624. <u>Sang Tariwulan</u>. He married X.</div><div>2181826625. <u>X</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>x and Sang Tariwulan had the following child:</div><div>8724546592. i. Sang Welengan (son of Sang Tariwulan and x). He married x.</div><div><br /></div><div>2181826630. <u>Rakryan Hujungkulon</u>. He died in 795 AD. He married X (daughter of Rakeyan Medang and x).</div><div>2181826631. <u>X</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>x and Rakryan Hujungkulon had the following child:</div><div>8724546595. i. x (daughter of Rakryan Hujungkulon and x). She married Rakryan Diwus. He died in 819 AD.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Generation 37</b></div><div>4362273296. <u>Arya Kadatwan</u>. He died in 895 AD. He married X (daughter of Rakryan Diwus and x).</div><div>4362273297. <u>X</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>x and Arya Kadatwan had the following child:</div><div>2181136648. i. Rakryan Windusakti (son of Arya Kadatwan and x). He died in 913 AD. He married x.</div><div><br /></div><div>4363653260. <u>Sang Hyang Ambu</u>. He married Sang Manisri (daughter of x and Puspasari).</div><div>4363653261. <u>Sang Manisri</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>Sang Manisri and Sang Hyang Ambu had the following child:</div><div>17449093190. i. Rakryan Hujungkulon (son of Sang Hyang Ambu and Sang Manisri). He died in 795 AD. He married x (daughter of Rakeyan Medang and x).</div><div><br /></div><div>4363653262. <u>Rakeyan Medang</u>. He died in 783 AD. He married X.</div><div>4363653263. <u>X</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>x and Rakeyan Medang had the following child:</div><div>17449093191. i. x (daughter of Rakeyan Medang and x). She married Rakryan Hujungkulon (son of Sang Hyang Ambu and Sang Manisri). He died in 795 AD.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Generation 38</b></div><div>8724546592. <u>Sang Welengan</u>. He married X.</div><div>8724546593. <u>X</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>x and Sang Welengan had the following child:</div><div>4362273296. i. Arya Kadatwan (son of Sang Welengan and x). He died in 895 AD. He married x (daughter of Rakryan Diwus and x).</div><div><br /></div><div>8724546594. <u>Rakryan Diwus</u>. He died in 819 AD. He married X (daughter of Rakryan Hujungkulon and x).</div><div>8724546595. <u>X</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>x and Rakryan Diwus had the following child:</div><div>4362273297. i. x (daughter of Rakryan Diwus and x). She married Arya Kadatwan (son of Sang Welengan and x). He died in 895 AD.</div><div><br /></div><div>8727306522. <u>X</u>. He married Puspasari.</div><div>8727306523. <u>Puspasari</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>Puspasari and x had the following child:</div><div>34898186381. i. Sang Manisri (daughter of x and Puspasari). She married Sang Hyang Ambu.</div><div><br /></div><div>8727306524. <u>Rakeyan Banga</u> (son of Rakeyan Panabaran and Dewi Pangreyep) was born in 724 AD. He died in 766 AD. He married Dewi Kancanasari (daughter of Demunawan and x).</div><div>8727306525. <u>Dewi Kancanasari</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>Dewi Kancanasari and Rakeyan Banga had the following child:</div><div>34898186382. i. Rakeyan Medang (son of Rakeyan Banga and Dewi Kancanasari). He died in 783 AD. He married x.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Generation 39</b></div><div>17449093184. <u>Sang Tariwulan</u>. He married X.</div><div>17449093185. <u>X</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>x and Sang Tariwulan had the following child:</div><div>8724546592. i. Sang Welengan (son of Sang Tariwulan and x). He married x.</div><div><br /></div><div>17449093190. <u>Rakryan Hujungkulon</u>. He died in 795 AD. He married X (daughter of Rakeyan Medang and x).</div><div>17449093191. <u>X</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>x and Rakryan Hujungkulon had the following child:</div><div>8724546595. i. x (daughter of Rakryan Hujungkulon and x). She married Rakryan Diwus. He died in 819 AD.</div><div><br /></div><div>17454613048. <u>Rakeyan Panabaran</u>. He died in 739 AD. He married Dewi Pangreyep (daughter of Anggada and x).</div><div>17454613049. <u>Dewi Pangreyep</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>Dewi Pangreyep and Rakeyan Panabaran had the following child:</div><div>69796372764. i. Rakeyan Banga (son of Rakeyan Panabaran and Dewi Pangreyep) was born in 724 AD. He died in 766 AD. He married Dewi Kancanasari (daughter of Demunawan and x).</div><div><br /></div><div>17454613050. <u>Demunawan</u>. He married X.</div><div>17454613051. <u>X</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>x and Demunawan had the following child:</div><div>69796372765. i. Dewi Kancanasari (daughter of Demunawan and x). She married Rakeyan Banga (son of Rakeyan Panabaran and Dewi Pangreyep). He was born in 724 AD. He died in 766 AD.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Generation 40</b></div><div>34898186380. <u>Sang Hyang Ambu</u>. He married Sang Manisri (daughter of x and Puspasari).</div><div>34898186381. <u>Sang Manisri</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>Sang Manisri and Sang Hyang Ambu had the following child:</div><div>17449093190. i. Rakryan Hujungkulon (son of Sang Hyang Ambu and Sang Manisri). He died in 795 AD. He married x (daughter of Rakeyan Medang and x).</div><div><br /></div><div>34898186382. <u>Rakeyan Medang</u>. He died in 783 AD. He married X.</div><div>34898186383. <u>X</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>x and Rakeyan Medang had the following child:</div><div>17449093191. i. x (daughter of Rakeyan Medang and x). She married Rakryan Hujungkulon (son of Sang Hyang Ambu and Sang Manisri). He died in 795 AD.</div><div><br /></div><div>34909226096. <u>Rakryan Sanjaya</u>. He died in 754 AD. He married Tejakancana (daughter of Rakeyan Sunda Sambawa and x).</div><div>34909226097. <u>Tejakancana</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>Tejakancana and Rakryan Sanjaya had the following child:</div><div>139592745528. i. Rakeyan Panabaran (son of Rakryan Sanjaya and Tejakancana). He died in 739 AD. He married Dewi Pangreyep (daughter of Anggada and x).</div><div><br /></div><div>34909226098. <u>Anggada</u>. He married X.</div><div>34909226099. <u>X</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>x and Anggada had the following child:</div><div>139592745529. i. Dewi Pangreyep (daughter of Anggada and x). She married Rakeyan Panabaran (son of Rakryan Sanjaya and Tejakancana). He died in 739 AD.</div><div><br /></div><div>34909226100. <u>Rahiyang Sempakwaja</u> was born in 620 AD. He married Dewi Wulansari.</div><div>34909226101. <u>Dewi Wulansari</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>Dewi Wulansari and Rahiyang Sempakwaja had the following child:</div><div>139592745530. i. Demunawan (son of Rahiyang Sempakwaja and Dewi Wulansari). He married x.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Generation 41</b></div><div>69796372762. <u>X</u>. He married Puspasari.</div><div>69796372763. <u>Puspasari</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>Puspasari and x had the following child:</div><div>34898186381. i. Sang Manisri (daughter of x and Puspasari). She married Sang Hyang Ambu.</div><div><br /></div><div>69796372764. <u>Rakeyan Banga</u> (son of Rakeyan Panabaran and Dewi Pangreyep) was born in 724 AD. He died in 766 AD. He married Dewi Kancanasari (daughter of Demunawan and x).</div><div>69796372765. <u>Dewi Kancanasari</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>Dewi Kancanasari and Rakeyan Banga had the following child:</div><div>34898186382. i. Rakeyan Medang (son of Rakeyan Banga and Dewi Kancanasari). He died in 783 AD. He married x.</div><div><br /></div><div>69818452192. <u>Bratasenawa</u>. He married Sannaha (daughter of Rahiyang Mandiminyak and Dewi Parwati).</div><div>69818452193. <u>Sannaha</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>Sannaha and Bratasenawa had the following child:</div><div>279185491056. i. Rakryan Sanjaya (son of Bratasenawa and Sannaha). He died in 754 AD. He married Tejakancana (daughter of Rakeyan Sunda Sambawa and x).</div><div><br /></div><div>69818452194. <u>Rakeyan Sunda Sambawa</u>. He married X.</div><div>69818452195. <u>X</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>x and Rakeyan Sunda Sambawa had the following child:</div><div>279185491057. i. Tejakancana (daughter of Rakeyan Sunda Sambawa and x). She married Rakryan Sanjaya (son of Bratasenawa and Sannaha). He died in 754 AD.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Generation 42</b></div><div>139592745528. <u>Rakeyan Panabaran</u>. He died in 739 AD. He married Dewi Pangreyep (daughter of Anggada and x).</div><div>139592745529. <u>Dewi Pangreyep</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>Dewi Pangreyep and Rakeyan Panabaran had the following child:</div><div>69796372764. i. Rakeyan Banga (son of Rakeyan Panabaran and Dewi Pangreyep) was born in 724 AD. He died in 766 AD. He married Dewi Kancanasari (daughter of Demunawan and x).</div><div><br /></div><div>139592745530. <u>Demunawan</u>. He married X.</div><div>139592745531. <u>X</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>x and Demunawan had the following child:</div><div>69796372765. i. Dewi Kancanasari (daughter of Demunawan and x). She married Rakeyan Banga (son of Rakeyan Panabaran and Dewi Pangreyep). He was born in 724 AD. He died in 766 AD.</div><div><br /></div><div>139636904384. <u>Rahiyang Mandiminyak</u> (son of Sang Wretikandayun and Dewi Manawati) was born in 643 AD. He married Dewi Wulansari.</div><div>139636904385. <u>Dewi Wulansari</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>Dewi Wulansari and Rahiyang Mandiminyak had the following child:</div><div>558370982112. i. Bratasenawa (son of Rahiyang Mandiminyak and Dewi Wulansari). He married Sannaha (daughter of Rahiyang Mandiminyak and Dewi Parwati).</div><div><br /></div><div>139636904387. <u>Dewi Parwati</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>Dewi Parwati and Rahiyang Mandiminyak had the following child:</div><div>558370982113. i. Sannaha (daughter of Rahiyang Mandiminyak and Dewi Parwati). She married Bratasenawa (son of Rahiyang Mandiminyak and Dewi Wulansari).</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Generation 43</b></div><div>279185491056. <u>Rakryan Sanjaya</u>. He died in 754 AD. He married Tejakancana (daughter of Rakeyan Sunda Sambawa and x).</div><div>279185491057. <u>Tejakancana</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>Tejakancana and Rakryan Sanjaya had the following child:</div><div>139592745528. i. Rakeyan Panabaran (son of Rakryan Sanjaya and Tejakancana). He died in 739 AD. He married Dewi Pangreyep (daughter of Anggada and x).</div><div><br /></div><div>279185491058. <u>Anggada</u>. He married X.</div><div>279185491059. <u>X</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>x and Anggada had the following child:</div><div>139592745529. i. Dewi Pangreyep (daughter of Anggada and x). She married Rakeyan Panabaran (son of Rakryan Sanjaya and Tejakancana). He died in 739 AD.</div><div><br /></div><div>279185491060. <u>Rahiyang Sempakwaja</u> was born in 620 AD. He married Dewi Wulansari.</div><div>279185491061. <u>Dewi Wulansari</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>Dewi Wulansari and Rahiyang Sempakwaja had the following child:</div><div>139592745530. i. Demunawan (son of Rahiyang Sempakwaja and Dewi Wulansari). He married x.</div><div><br /></div><div>279273808768. <u>Sang Wretikandayun</u> (son of Sang Kandiawati and x) was born in 619 AD. He died in 727 AD. He married Dewi Manawati (daughter of Resi Makandria and x).</div><div>279273808769. <u>Dewi Manawati</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>Dewi Manawati and Sang Wretikandayun had the following child:</div><div>1116741964224. i. Rahiyang Mandiminyak (son of Sang Wretikandayun and Dewi Manawati) was born in 643 AD. He married Dewi Parwati. He married Dewi Wulansari.</div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/3i6pKpjpeIw?si=IdLqLnLet8Kd71lN" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen></iframe></div><div><br /></div><div><b>Generation 44</b></div><div>558370982112. <u>Bratasenawa</u>. He married Sannaha (daughter of Rahiyang Mandiminyak and Dewi Parwati).</div><div>558370982113. <u>Sannaha</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>Sannaha and Bratasenawa had the following child:</div><div>279185491056. i. Rakryan Sanjaya (son of Bratasenawa and Sannaha). He died in 754 AD. He married Tejakancana (daughter of Rakeyan Sunda Sambawa and x).</div><div><br /></div><div>558370982114. <u>Rakeyan Sunda Sambawa</u>. He married X.</div><div>558370982115. <u>X</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>x and Rakeyan Sunda Sambawa had the following child:</div><div>279185491057. i. Tejakancana (daughter of Rakeyan Sunda Sambawa and x). She married Rakryan Sanjaya (son of Bratasenawa and Sannaha). He died in 754 AD.</div><div><br /></div><div>558547617536. <u>Sang Kandiawati</u>. He married X.</div><div>558547617537. <u>X</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>x and Sang Kandiawati had the following child:</div><div>2233483928448. i. Sang Wretikandayun (son of Sang Kandiawati and x) was born in 619 AD. He died in 727 AD. He married Dewi Manawati (daughter of Resi Makandria and x).</div><div><br /></div><div>558547617538. <u>Resi Makandria</u>. He married X.</div><div>558547617539. <u>X</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>x and Resi Makandria had the following child:</div><div>2233483928449. i. Dewi Manawati (daughter of Resi Makandria and x). She married Sang Wretikandayun (son of Sang Kandiawati and x). He was born in 619 AD. He died in 727 AD.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Generation 45</b></div><div>1116741964224. <u>Rahiyang Mandiminyak</u> (son of Sang Wretikandayun and Dewi Manawati) was born in 643 AD. He married Dewi Wulansari.</div><div>1116741964225. <u>Dewi Wulansari</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>Dewi Wulansari and Rahiyang Mandiminyak had the following child:</div><div>558370982112. i. Bratasenawa (son of Rahiyang Mandiminyak and Dewi Wulansari). He married Sannaha (daughter of Rahiyang Mandiminyak and Dewi Parwati).</div><div><br /></div><div>1116741964227. <u>Dewi Parwati</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>Dewi Parwati and Rahiyang Mandiminyak had the following child:</div><div>558370982113. i. Sannaha (daughter of Rahiyang Mandiminyak and Dewi Parwati). She married Bratasenawa (son of Rahiyang Mandiminyak and Dewi Wulansari).</div><div><br /></div><div>1117095235072. <u>Rajaputera Suraliman</u>. He married Dewi Mutyasari.</div><div>1117095235073. <u>Dewi Mutyasari</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>Dewi Mutyasari and Rajaputera Suraliman had the following child:</div><div>4466967856896. i. Sang Kandiawati (son of Rajaputera Suraliman and Dewi Mutyasari). He married x.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Generation 46</b></div><div>2233483928448. <u>Sang Wretikandayun</u> (son of Sang Kandiawati and x) was born in 619 AD. He died in 727 AD. He married Dewi Manawati (daughter of Resi Makandria and x).</div><div>2233483928449. <u>Dewi Manawati</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>Dewi Manawati and Sang Wretikandayun had the following child:</div><div>1116741964224. i. Rahiyang Mandiminyak (son of Sang Wretikandayun and Dewi Manawati) was born in 643 AD. He married Dewi Parwati. He married Dewi Wulansari.</div><div><br /></div><div>2234190470144. <u>Manikmaya</u>. He married Dewi Tirtakancana (daughter of Prabu Tarumanagara VII and x).</div><div>2234190470145. <u>Dewi Tirtakancana</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>Dewi Tirtakancana and Manikmaya had the following child:</div><div>8933935713792. i. Rajaputera Suraliman (son of Manikmaya and Dewi Tirtakancana). He married Dewi Mutyasari.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Generation 47</b></div><div>4466967856896. <u>Sang Kandiawati</u>. He married X.</div><div>4466967856897. <u>X</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>x and Sang Kandiawati had the following child:</div><div>2233483928448. i. Sang Wretikandayun (son of Sang Kandiawati and x) was born in 619 AD. He died in 727 AD. He married Dewi Manawati (daughter of Resi Makandria and x).</div><div><br /></div><div>4466967856898. <u>Resi Makandria</u>. He married X.</div><div>4466967856899. <u>X</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>x and Resi Makandria had the following child:</div><div>2233483928449. i. Dewi Manawati (daughter of Resi Makandria and x). She married Sang Wretikandayun (son of Sang Kandiawati and x). He was born in 619 AD. He died in 727 AD.</div><div><br /></div><div>4468380940290. <u>Prabu Tarumanagara VII</u>. He died in 561 AD. He married X.</div><div>4468380940291. <u>X</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>x and Prabu Tarumanagara VII had the following child:</div><div>17867871427585. i. Dewi Tirtakancana (daughter of Prabu Tarumanagara VII and x). She married Manikmaya.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Generation 48</b></div><div>8933935713792. <u>Rajaputera Suraliman</u>. He married Dewi Mutyasari.</div><div>8933935713793. <u>Dewi Mutyasari</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>Dewi Mutyasari and Rajaputera Suraliman had the following child:</div><div>4466967856896. i. Sang Kandiawati (son of Rajaputera Suraliman and Dewi Mutyasari). He married x.</div><div><br /></div><div>8936761880580. <u>Prabu Tarumanagara VI</u>. He died in 535 AD. He married X.</div><div>8936761880581. <u>X</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>x and Prabu Tarumanagara VI had the following child:</div><div>35735742855170. i. Prabu Tarumanagara VII (son of Prabu Tarumanagara VI and x). He died in 561 AD. He married x.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Generation 49</b></div><div>17867871427584. <u>Manikmaya</u>. He married Dewi Tirtakancana (daughter of Prabu Tarumanagara VII and x).</div><div>17867871427585. <u>Dewi Tirtakancana</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>Dewi Tirtakancana and Manikmaya had the following child:</div><div>8933935713792. i. Rajaputera Suraliman (son of Manikmaya and Dewi Tirtakancana). He married Dewi Mutyasari.</div><div><br /></div><div>17873523761160. <u>Prabu Tarumanagara V</u>. He married X.</div><div>17873523761161. <u>X</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>x and Prabu Tarumanagara V had the following child:</div><div>71471485710340. i. Prabu Tarumanagara VI (son of Prabu Tarumanagara V and x). He died in 535 AD. He married x.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Generation 50</b></div><div>35735742855170. <u>Prabu Tarumanagara VII</u>. He died in 561 AD. He married X.</div><div>35735742855171. <u>X</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>x and Prabu Tarumanagara VII had the following child:</div><div>17867871427585. i. Dewi Tirtakancana (daughter of Prabu Tarumanagara VII and x). She married Manikmaya.</div><div><br /></div><div>35747047522320. <u>Prabu Tarumanagara IV</u>. He married X.</div><div>35747047522321. <u>X</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>x and Prabu Tarumanagara IV had the following child:</div><div>142942971420680. i. Prabu Tarumanagara V (son of Prabu Tarumanagara IV and x). He married x.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Generation 51</b></div><div>71471485710340. <u>Prabu Tarumanagara VI</u>. He died in 535 AD. He married X.</div><div>71471485710341. <u>X</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>x and Prabu Tarumanagara VI had the following child:</div><div>35735742855170. i. Prabu Tarumanagara VII (son of Prabu Tarumanagara VI and x). He died in 561 AD. He married x.</div><div><br /></div><div>71494095044640. <u>Purnawarman</u>. He died in 434 AD. He married X.</div><div>71494095044641. <u>X</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>x and Purnawarman had the following child:</div><div>285885942841360. i. Prabu Tarumanagara IV (son of Purnawarman and x). He married x.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Generation 52</b></div><div>142942971420680. <u>Prabu Tarumanagara V</u>. He married X.</div><div>142942971420681. <u>X</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>x and Prabu Tarumanagara V had the following child:</div><div>71471485710340. i. Prabu Tarumanagara VI (son of Prabu Tarumanagara V and x). He died in 535 AD. He married x.</div><div><br /></div><div>142988190089280. <u>Prabu Tarumanagara II</u>. He married X.</div><div>142988190089281. <u>X</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>x and Prabu Tarumanagara II had the following child:</div><div>571771885682720. i. Purnawarman (son of Prabu Tarumanagara II and x). He died in 434 AD. He married x.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Generation 53</b></div><div>285885942841360. <u>Prabu Tarumanagara IV</u>. He married X.</div><div>285885942841361. <u>X</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>x and Prabu Tarumanagara IV had the following child:</div><div>142942971420680. i. Prabu Tarumanagara V (son of Prabu Tarumanagara IV and x). He married x.</div><div><br /></div><div>285976380178560. <u>Jayasingawarman</u> was born in 382 AD. He married Dewi Minawati (daughter of Prabu Dewawarman VIII and Sphatikarnawa Warmandewi).</div><div>285976380178561. <u>Dewi Minawati</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>Dewi Minawati and Jayasingawarman had the following child:</div><div>1143543771365440. i. Prabu Tarumanagara II (son of Jayasingawarman and Dewi Minawati). He married x.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Generation 54</b></div><div>571771885682720. <u>Purnawarman</u>. He died in 434 AD. He married X.</div><div>571771885682721. <u>X</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>x and Purnawarman had the following child:</div><div>285885942841360. i. Prabu Tarumanagara IV (son of Purnawarman and x). He married x.</div><div><br /></div><div>571952760357122. <u>Prabu Dewawarman VIII</u>. He died in 363 AD. He married Sphatikarnawa Warmandewi (daughter of Prabu Dewawarman VII and Sri Gandari Lengkaradewi).</div><div>571952760357123. <u>Sphatikarnawa Warmandewi</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>Sphatikarnawa Warmandewi and Prabu Dewawarman VIII had the following child:</div><div>2287087542730881. i. Dewi Minawati (daughter of Prabu Dewawarman VIII and Sphatikarnawa Warmandewi). She married Jayasingawarman. He was born in 382 AD.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Generation 55</b></div><div>1143543771365440. <u>Prabu Tarumanagara II</u>. He married X.</div><div>1143543771365441. <u>X</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>x and Prabu Tarumanagara II had the following child:</div><div>571771885682720. i. Purnawarman (son of Prabu Tarumanagara II and x). He died in 434 AD. He married x.</div><div>1143905520714244. <u>Menteri Panglima Angkatan Laut Kerajaan Palawa</u>. He married Sri Gandari Lengkaradewi (daughter of Prabu Dewawarman VI and Putri India).</div><div>1143905520714245. <u>Sri Gandari Lengkaradewi</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>Sri Gandari Lengkaradewi and Menteri Panglima Angkatan Laut Kerajaan Palawa had the following child:</div><div>4574175085461762. i. Prabu Dewawarman VIII (son of Menteri Panglima Angkatan Laut Kerajaan Palawa and Sri Gandari Lengkaradewi). He died in 363 AD. He married Sphatikarnawa Warmandewi (daughter of Prabu Dewawarman VII and Sri Gandari Lengkaradewi).</div><div><br /></div><div>1143905520714246. <u>Prabu Dewawarman VII</u>. He married Sri Gandari Lengkaradewi</div><div>(daughter of Prabu Dewawarman VI and Putri India).</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Generation 56</b></div><div>2287087542730880. <u>Jayasingawarman</u> was born in 382 AD. He married Dewi Minawati (daughter of Prabu Dewawarman VIII and Sphatikarnawa Warmandewi).</div><div>2287087542730881. <u>Dewi Minawati</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>Dewi Minawati and Jayasingawarman had the following child:</div><div>1143543771365440. i. Prabu Tarumanagara II (son of Jayasingawarman and Dewi Minawati). He married x.</div><div><br /></div><div>2287811041428490. <u>Prabu Dewawarman VI</u>. He married Putri India.</div><div>2287811041428491. <u>Putri India</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>Putri India and Prabu Dewawarman VI had the following children:</div><div>9148350170923526. i. Prabu Dewawarman VII (son of Prabu Dewawarman VI and Putri India). He married Sri Gandari Lengkaradewi (daughter of Prabu Dewawarman VI and Putri India).</div><div>9148350170923525. ii. Sri Gandari Lengkaradewi (daughter of Prabu Dewawarman VI and Putri India). She married Prabu Dewawarman VII (son of Prabu Dewawarman VI and Putri India). She married Menteri Panglima Angkatan Laut Kerajaan Palawa.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Generation 57</b></div><div>4574175085461762. <u>Prabu Dewawarman VIII</u>. He died in 363 AD. He married Sphatikarnawa Warmandewi (daughter of Prabu Dewawarman VII and Sri Gandari Lengkaradewi).</div><div>4574175085461763. <u>Sphatikarnawa Warmandewi</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>Sphatikarnawa Warmandewi and Prabu Dewawarman VIII had the following child:</div><div>2287087542730881. i. Dewi Minawati (daughter of Prabu Dewawarman VIII and Sphatikarnawa Warmandewi). She married Jayasingawarman. He was born in 382 AD.</div><div><br /></div><div>4575622082856980. <u>Prabu Dewawarman V</u>. He married Mahisa Suramardini Warmandewi (daughter of Prabu Dewawarman IV and Dewi Tirta Lengkara).</div><div>4575622082856981. <u>Mahisa Suramardini Warmandewi</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>Mahisa Suramardini Warmandewi and Prabu Dewawarman V had the following child:</div><div>18296700341847050. i. Prabu Dewawarman VI (son of Prabu Dewawarman V and Mahisa Suramardini Warmandewi). He married Putri India.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Generation 58</b></div><div>9148350170923524. <u>Menteri Panglima Angkatan Laut Kerajaan Palawa</u>. He married Sri Gandari Lengkaradewi (daughter of Prabu Dewawarman VI and Putri India).</div><div>9148350170923525. <u>Sri Gandari Lengkaradewi</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>Sri Gandari Lengkaradewi and Menteri Panglima Angkatan Laut Kerajaan Palawa had the following child:</div><div>4574175085461762. i. Prabu Dewawarman VIII (son of Menteri Panglima Angkatan Laut Kerajaan Palawa and Sri Gandari Lengkaradewi). He died in 363 AD. He married Sphatikarnawa Warmandewi (daughter of Prabu Dewawarman VII and Sri Gandari Lengkaradewi).</div><div><br /></div><div>9148350170923526. <u>Prabu Dewawarman VII</u>. He married Sri Gandari Lengkaradewi (daughter of Prabu Dewawarman VI and Putri India).</div><div><br /></div><div>9151244165713962. <u>Prabu Dewawarman IV</u>. He married Dewi Tirta Lengkara (daughter of Prabu Dewawarman III and x).</div><div>9151244165713963. <u>Dewi Tirta Lengkara</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>Dewi Tirta Lengkara and Prabu Dewawarman IV had the following child:</div><div>36593400683694101. i. Mahisa Suramardini Warmandewi (daughter of Prabu Dewawarman IV and Dewi Tirta Lengkara). She married Prabu Dewawarman V.</div><div><br /></div><div><u>Generation 59</u></div><div>18296700341847050. <u>Prabu Dewawarman VI</u>. He married Putri India.</div><div>18296700341847051. <u>Putri India</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>Putri India and Prabu Dewawarman VI had the following children:</div><div>9148350170923526. i. Prabu Dewawarman VII (son of Prabu Dewawarman VI and Putri India). He married Sri Gandari Lengkaradewi (daughter of Prabu Dewawarman VI and Putri India).</div><div>9148350170923525. ii. Sri Gandari Lengkaradewi (daughter of Prabu Dewawarman VI and Putri India). She married Prabu Dewawarman VII (son of Prabu Dewawarman VI and Putri India). She married Menteri Panglima Angkatan Laut Kerajaan Palawa.</div><div><br /></div><div>18302488331427926. <u>Prabu Dewawarman III</u>. He died in 238 AD. He married X.</div><div>18302488331427927. <u>X</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>x and Prabu Dewawarman III had the following child:</div><div>73186801367388203. i. Dewi Tirta Lengkara (daughter of Prabu Dewawarman III and x). She married Prabu Dewawarman IV.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Generation 60</b></div><div>36593400683694100. <u>Prabu Dewawarman V</u>. He married Mahisa Suramardini Warmandewi (daughter of Prabu Dewawarman IV and Dewi Tirta Lengkara).</div><div>36593400683694101. <u>Mahisa Suramardini Warmandewi</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>Mahisa Suramardini Warmandewi and Prabu Dewawarman V had the following child:</div><div>18296700341847050. i. Prabu Dewawarman VI (son of Prabu Dewawarman V and Mahisa Suramardini Warmandewi). He married Putri India.</div><div><br /></div><div>36604976662855852. <u>Prabu Dewawarman II</u>. He died in 195 AD. He married X.</div><div>36604976662855853. <u>X</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>x and Prabu Dewawarman II had the following child:</div><div>146373602734776406. i. Prabu Dewawarman III (son of Prabu Dewawarman II and x). He died in 238 AD. He married x.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Generation 61</b></div><div>73186801367388202. <u>Prabu Dewawarman IV</u>. He married Dewi Tirta Lengkara (daughter of Prabu Dewawarman III and x).</div><div>73186801367388203. <u>Dewi Tirta Lengkara</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>Dewi Tirta Lengkara and Prabu Dewawarman IV had the following child:</div><div>36593400683694101. i. Mahisa Suramardini Warmandewi (daughter of Prabu Dewawarman IV and Dewi Tirta Lengkara). She married Prabu Dewawarman V.</div><div><br /></div><div>73209953325711704. <u>Prabu Dewawarman I</u>. He died in 168 AD. He married Pohaci Larasati (daughter of Aki Tirem and x).</div><div>73209953325711705. <u>Pohaci Larasati</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>Pohaci Larasati and Prabu Dewawarman I had the following child:</div><div>292747205469552812. i. Prabu Dewawarman II (son of Prabu Dewawarman I and Pohaci Larasati). He died in 195 AD. He married x.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Generation 62</b></div><div>146373602734776406. <u>Prabu Dewawarman III</u>. He died in 238 AD. He married X.</div><div>146373602734776407. <u>X</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>x and Prabu Dewawarman III had the following child:</div><div>73186801367388203. i. Dewi Tirta Lengkara (daughter of Prabu Dewawarman III and x). She married Prabu Dewawarman IV.</div><div><br /></div><div>146419906651423408. <u>Bhatara</u>. He married X.</div><div>146419906651423409. <u>X</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>x and Bhatara had the following child:</div><div>585494410939105624. i. Prabu Dewawarman I (son of Bhatara and x). He died in 168 AD. He married Pohaci Larasati (daughter of Aki Tirem and x).</div><div><br /></div><div>146419906651423410. <u>Aki Tirem</u>. He married X.</div><div>146419906651423411. <u>X</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>x and Aki Tirem had the following child:</div><div>585494410939105625. i. Pohaci Larasati (daughter of Aki Tirem and x). She married Prabu Dewawarman I (son of Bhatara and x). He died in 168 AD.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Generation 63</b></div><div>292747205469552812. <u>Prabu Dewawarman II</u>. He died in 195 AD. He married X.</div><div>292747205469552813. <u>X</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>x and Prabu Dewawarman II had the following child:</div><div>146373602734776406. i. Prabu Dewawarman III (son of Prabu Dewawarman II and x). He died in 238 AD. He married x.</div><div><br /></div><div>292839813302846820. <u>Ki Srengga</u>. He married X.</div><div>292839813302846821. <u>X</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>x and Ki Srengga had the following child:</div><div>1170988821878211250. i. Aki Tirem (son of Ki Srengga and x). He married x.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Generation 64</b></div><div>585494410939105624. <u>Prabu Dewawarman I</u>. He died in 168 AD. He married Pohaci Larasati (daughter of Aki Tirem and x).</div><div>585494410939105625. <u>Pohaci Larasati</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>Pohaci Larasati and Prabu Dewawarman I had the following child:</div><div>292747205469552812. i. Prabu Dewawarman II (son of Prabu Dewawarman I and Pohaci Larasati). He died in 195 AD. He married x.</div><div><br /></div><div>585679626605693640. <u>X</u>. He married Nyai Saniti Warawiri (daughter of Aki Bajulpakel and x).</div><div>585679626605693641. <u>Nyai Saniti Warawiri</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>Nyai Saniti Warawiri and x had the following child:</div><div>2341977643756422500. i. Ki Srengga (son of x and Nyai Saniti Warawiri). He married x.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Generation 65</b></div><div>1170988821878211248. <u>Bhatara</u>. He married X.</div><div>1170988821878211249. <u>X</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>x and Bhatara had the following child:</div><div>585494410939105624. i. Prabu Dewawarman I (son of Bhatara and x). He died in 168 AD. He married Pohaci Larasati (daughter of Aki Tirem and x).</div><div><br /></div><div>1170988821878211250. <u>Aki Tirem</u>. He married X.</div><div>1170988821878211251. <u>X</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>x and Aki Tirem had the following child:</div><div>585494410939105625. i. Pohaci Larasati (daughter of Aki Tirem and x). She married Prabu Dewawarman I (son of Bhatara and x). He died in 168 AD.</div><div><br /></div><div>1171359253211387282. <u>Aki Bajulpakel</u>. He married X.</div><div>1171359253211387283. <u>X</u>.</div><div>x and Aki Bajulpakel had the following child:</div><div>4683955287512845001. i. Nyai Saniti Warawiri (daughter of Aki Bajulpakel and x). She married x.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Generation 66</b></div><div>2341977643756422500. <u>Ki Srengga</u>. He married X.</div><div>2341977643756422501. <u>X</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>x and Ki Srengga had the following child:</div><div>1170988821878211250. i. Aki Tirem (son of Ki Srengga and x). He married x.</div><div><br /></div><div>2342718506422774564. <u>Aki Dungkul</u>. He married X.</div><div>2342718506422774565. <u>X</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>x and Aki Dungkul had the following child:</div><div>9367910575025690002. i. Aki Bajulpakel (son of Aki Dungkul and x). He married x.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Generation 67</b></div><div>4683955287512845000. <u>X</u>. He married Nyai Saniti Warawiri (daughter of Aki Bajulpakel and x).</div><div>4683955287512845001. <u>Nyai Saniti Warawiri</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>Nyai Saniti Warawiri and x had the following child:</div><div>2341977643756422500. i. Ki Srengga (son of x and Nyai Saniti Warawiri). He married x.</div><div><br /></div><div>4685437012845549128. <u>Ki Pawang Sawen</u>. He married X.</div><div>4685437012845549129. <u>X</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>x and Ki Pawang Sawen had the following child:</div><div>18735821150051380004. i. Aki Dungkul (son of Ki Pawang Sawen and x). He married x.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Generation 68</b></div><div>9367910575025690002. <u>Aki Bajulpakel</u>. He married X.</div><div>9367910575025690003. <u>X</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>x and Aki Bajulpakel had the following child:</div><div>4683955287512845001. i. Nyai Saniti Warawiri (daughter of Aki Bajulpakel and x). She married x.</div><div><br /></div><div>9370874025691098256. <u>Datuk Pawang Marga</u>. He married X.</div><div>9370874025691098257. <u>X</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>x and Datuk Pawang Marga had the following child:</div><div>37471642300102760008. i. Ki Pawang Sawen (son of Datuk Pawang Marga and x). He married x.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Generation 69</b></div><div>18735821150051380004. <u>Aki Dungkul</u>. He married X.</div><div>18735821150051380005. <u>X</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>x and Aki Dungkul had the following child:</div><div>9367910575025690002. i. Aki Bajulpakel (son of Aki Dungkul and x). He married x.</div><div><br /></div><div>18741748051382196512. <u>Ki Bagang</u>. He married X.</div><div>18741748051382196513. <u>X</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>x and Ki Bagang had the following child:</div><div>74943284600205520016. i. Datuk Pawang Marga (son of Ki Bagang and x). He married x.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Generation 70</b></div><div>37471642300102760008. <u>Ki Pawang Sawen</u>. He married X.</div><div>37471642300102760009. <u>X</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>x and Ki Pawang Sawen had the following child:</div><div>18735821150051380004. i. Aki Dungkul (son of Ki Pawang Sawen and x). He married x.</div><div><br /></div><div>37483496102764393024. <u>Datuk Waling</u>. He married X.</div><div>37483496102764393025. <u>X</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>x and Datuk Waling had the following child:</div><div>149886569200411040032. i. Ki Bagang (son of Datuk Waling and x). He married x.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Generation 71</b></div><div>74943284600205520016. <u>Datuk Pawang Marga</u>. He married X.</div><div>74943284600205520017. <u>X</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>x and Datuk Pawang Marga had the following child:</div><div>37471642300102760008. i. Ki Pawang Sawen (son of Datuk Pawang Marga and x). He married x.</div><div><br /></div><div>74966992205528786048. <u>Datuk Banda</u>. He married X.</div><div>74966992205528786049. <u>X</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>x and Datuk Banda had the following child:</div><div>299773138400822080064. i. Datuk Waling (son of Datuk Banda and x). He married x.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Generation 72</b></div><div>149886569200411040032. <u>Ki Bagang</u>. He married X.</div><div>149886569200411040033. <u>X</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>x and Ki Bagang had the following child:</div><div>74943284600205520016. i. Datuk Pawang Marga (son of Ki Bagang and x). He married x.</div><div><br /></div><div>149933984411057572096. <u>Nesan</u>. He married X.</div><div>149933984411057572097. <u>X</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>x and Nesan had the following child:</div><div>599546276801644160128. i. Datuk Banda (son of Nesan and x). He married x.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Generation 73</b></div><div>299773138400822080064. <u>Datuk Waling</u>. He married X.</div><div>299773138400822080065. <u>X</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>x and Datuk Waling had the following child:</div><div>149886569200411040032. i. Ki Bagang (son of Datuk Waling and x). He married x.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Generation 74</b></div><div>599546276801644160128. <u>Datuk Banda</u>. He married X.</div><div>599546276801644160129. <u>X</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>x and Datuk Banda had the following child:</div><div>299773138400822080064. i. Datuk Waling (son of Datuk Banda and x). He married x.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Generation 75</b></div><div>1199092553603288320256. <u>Nesan</u>. He married X.</div><div>1199092553603288320257. <u>X</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div>x and Nesan had the following child:</div><div>599546276801644160128. i. Datuk Banda (son of Nesan and x). He married x.</div></div>JP Canonigohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03867309680955928358noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2148827822363692190.post-88865595389347746372023-09-18T15:12:00.001+08:002023-10-04T15:03:30.206+08:00Ang Mga Maniniyot ug Litratista sa Karaang Sugbo<div style="text-align: justify;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="605" data-original-width="808" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhH0Oj57JBckbZ5BtALkZy19decHQq410K8fQafo9lee19D16NpsaAiMpu39h9jgP4orhFUIRrmipECiE90IXDbs11rhC4OHt0fqNdUnQW0O2WU2w6FkN3K7pu-z3fxs4C3IKg-UjIat3jgwrj5oK4io6ff4ijgsQAugNZrEH9Zwt3ZePuxowmEnoB_G_h5/s16000/image_2023-09-14_123625354.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="100%" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A Spanish mestizo family at C. Aguilar's studio (upscaled, inpainted, colorized)</td></tr></tbody></table><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div>In the age of smartphones and digital photography, capturing a moment has become as simple as a tap on the screen. Anyone with a smartphone can instantly snap a photo and share it with the world. However, this convenience stands in stark contrast to the early days of photography, especially in the historical context of Cebu, where the art of image-making was a skill practiced by professional photographers and studios. In this article, we delve into the captivating history of photography in old Cebu, exploring the fascinating world of the famous photographers and photo studios now lost in time.</div><div><br /></div><div>The term <a href="http://www.binisaya.com/cebuano/maniniyot"><i>"maniniyot"</i></a> is derived from the Cebuano word "siyot," a corruption of the English word "shot" (taking a shot from a camera). This nomenclature harkens back to when skilled artisans, known as "maniniyot," meticulously craft photographs through laborious processes like daguerreotype and wet-plate collodion. Similarly, the word <a href="http://www.binisaya.com/cebuano/litratista"><i>"litratista"</i></a> refers to those who specialized in portraiture and captured the essence of their subjects in photographs. These terms reflect the rich linguistic and cultural heritage of Cebu, where photography was not just a profession but an art form deeply intertwined with the local identity.</div><div><br /></div><div>Although these words can be taken interchangeably, the former are those people engaged in a trade of taking photographs of people in public areas or events. They are the ones who are carrying their bulky camera and equipment at the <a href="https://www.instagram.com/p/CBptoaEAdBX/">Fuente Osmeña</a> or <a href="https://www.instagram.com/p/COE9R-AjvXK/">Plaza Independencia</a>. Meanwhile, the latter are those managing photo studios in downtown Cebu, many of these old family-owned established have served customers for generations. They make sure you get that classic feel to your portraits and family photos with custom backgrounds that take you to exotic places you have never been to. Nowadays, professional photographers have to fight for their existence as the democratization of photography has made it possible for everyone to take photos for <a href="https://www.instagram.com/jpthehistorian/guide/colorizing-black-white-part-one/17879675090168179/">their Instagram profile</a> and even edit them on Canva or Hipstamatic complete with a more retro effect to simulate real old photographs.</div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><blockquote class="instagram-media" data-instgrm-captioned="" data-instgrm-permalink="https://www.instagram.com/p/CC3JAraAqAw/?utm_source=ig_embed&utm_campaign=loading" data-instgrm-version="14" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-radius: 3px; border: 0px; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5) 0px 0px 1px 0px, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15) 0px 1px 10px 0px; margin: 1px; max-width: 540px; min-width: 326px; padding: 0px; width: calc(100% - 2px);"><div style="padding: 16px;"> <a href="https://www.instagram.com/p/CC3JAraAqAw/?utm_source=ig_embed&utm_campaign=loading" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); 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font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 550; line-height: 18px;">View this post on Instagram</div></div><div style="padding: 12.5% 0px;"></div> <div style="align-items: center; display: flex; flex-direction: row; margin-bottom: 14px;"><div> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 50%; height: 12.5px; transform: translateX(0px) translateY(7px); width: 12.5px;"></div> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; flex-grow: 0; height: 12.5px; margin-left: 2px; margin-right: 14px; transform: rotate(-45deg) translateX(3px) translateY(1px); width: 12.5px;"></div> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 50%; height: 12.5px; transform: translateX(9px) translateY(-18px); width: 12.5px;"></div></div><div style="margin-left: 8px;"> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 50%; flex-grow: 0; height: 20px; width: 20px;"></div> <div style="border-bottom: 2px solid transparent; border-left: 6px solid rgb(244, 244, 244); border-top: 2px solid transparent; height: 0px; transform: translateX(16px) translateY(-4px) rotate(30deg); width: 0px;"></div></div><div style="margin-left: auto;"> <div style="border-right: 8px solid transparent; border-top: 8px solid rgb(244, 244, 244); transform: translateY(16px); width: 0px;"></div> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; flex-grow: 0; height: 12px; transform: translateY(-4px); width: 16px;"></div> <div style="border-left: 8px solid transparent; border-top: 8px solid rgb(244, 244, 244); height: 0px; transform: translateY(-4px) translateX(8px); width: 0px;"></div></div></div> <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex-grow: 1; justify-content: center; margin-bottom: 24px;"> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; margin-bottom: 6px; width: 224px;"></div> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; width: 144px;"></div></div></a><p style="color: #c9c8cd; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 17px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 8px; overflow: hidden; padding: 8px 0px 7px; text-align: center; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://www.instagram.com/p/CC3JAraAqAw/?utm_source=ig_embed&utm_campaign=loading" style="color: #c9c8cd; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">A post shared by John Paul (@jpthehistorian)</a></p></div></blockquote> <script async="" src="//www.instagram.com/embed.js"></script></div><div><br /></div><div>With the use of artificial intelligence, we can upscale the old photos, fill out the missing gaps with inpainting, and test out different color palettes to give these rare black-and-white snapshots some sort of vibrancy.</div><div><br /></div><div>What makes photography from the old days so fascinating is not only the technical mastery required but also the tangible sense of history it evokes. These <a href="https://www.istoryadista.net/2022/06/finding-oldest-film-on-cebu.html#more">early photographs serve as time capsules</a>, preserving the faces, fashions, and lifestyles of a bygone era. Each image tells a story, allowing us to glimpse into the lives of Cebuanos who lived generations ago. In a world dominated by digital images, handcrafted and carefully preserved photographs serve as a poignant reminder of the enduring power of visual storytelling and the indomitable spirit of human creativity.</div><div><br /></div><h1>The Early Years</h1><div>We are always having this nostalgia for the old days thanks to photographs shared by a lot of people on social media sites and online communities. However, many of these old photos are not properly identified and more importantly, attributed to the right photographers. Sometimes, these photographs' story and historical context are not properly discussed.</div><div><br /></div><div>Back in the latter half of the 19th century, <a href="https://www.istoryadista.net/2020/07/the-forgotten-drug-store-of-dr-oscar.html">several pharmacies or <i>‘boticas’</i></a> were selling photo supplies for some photography enthusiasts (usually Spanish, mestizos, and other rich 'illustrados' who could afford such an expensive hobby). Finding the oldest known photograph of Cebu may not be possible for now but Calixto Aguilar is considered as the first commercial photographer of that time. Along with Luis Castaño, they were the pioneers of the photography scene in the late 1880s.</div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="392" data-original-width="739" height="340" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKNMPuNlY8S0QcGpzn7FMvdX5MI9q9W62lio0J5-wSoKZjKFtc4F41-sGkeEdfB_CKUxCCx2nfzOuMtOXPLsORCbvNbOeazvZ1GA6BZihMhfb_SEK9T-le00ylWmOrKIx9UdWqlRAA3Yx_KntxjCNtojah5PXnTPiiso2zWyhWbFF6aoLx_TFr3DDO9iQu/w640-h340/image_2023-09-14_165120960.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="640" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Sample postcards from C. Aguilar</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div>He opened "Galeria de Fotografia de C. Aguilar" along Calle Cadiz (now Manuel Logarta Street) where he made calling card portraits, or ‘cartes de visite,’ and cabinet cards with ornate back designs. Interestingly, the branding showed a highly-stylized branding of his photo studio for the more expensive item while a simple hand stamp of his name for the cheaper item.</div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="427" data-original-width="586" height="466" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSW29clqdWQHUAz9y1zL4Fvw5HHGql89IshIbchDQoX94mT0mMA1M2yd_6O6lGXlZr2w3e3jV_DaYqTjv6Xps53mt74R6orVwtQyeU5UWSJQOOe560JFt7TC6YN2-fvllhCUf7ZwmNZovbIfpX0P_WASYZb4BKwo9j259zVJWqUebhbFW6vV15zxcTc2He/w640-h466/image_2023-09-14_165313869_q97tu__please_credit%5Bpalette.fm%5D.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="640" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fort San Pedro, 1899 (upscaled, colorized)</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="426" data-original-width="587" height="464" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJ0ndV2TEJclA095dqo7ODh9B8U9H6ujAURBlSGXmm_X4iNM8j51lWntav9egvjjsHO5lunrt2snBO_i28e448pCHBIHgyFSxBR9DPiobbsL5zxwoqFtGtiPvrFw_DV_l7krO5VhR1C1djdORoY8PvRk8IiwRl8z4IdxuudWtnAF-dzCC7WQLaSH8iN92i/w640-h464/image_2023-09-14_165456154_weH9g__please_credit%5Bpalette.fm%5D.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="640" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fishing boats docking at fondeadero, 1899 (upscaled, colorized)</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div>Castaño operated the "Fotografia Filipina" from 1895 to 1902. Other prominent studios during their times include the "Fotografia Espanola de Cebu" and the "Gran Novedad Fotografia."</div><div><br /></div><h1>A New Century</h1><div>As the 1900s began, a new wave of photographers emerged just as the Americans took over the country and the Spanish left for good. One of them was a Manila-based Spanish photographer Manuel Arias, who came to Cebu during this time and showcased photographs on Japanese-made postcards featuring the anchorage and the Fort San Pedro.</div><div><br /></div><h2>The Postcard Era</h2><div>In 1899, British photographers Roy Squires and William Bingham began selling photo supplies and postcards marked by their distinctive SB monogram. One of their interesting photographic views was the one taken on the San Nicolas Church in 1902. A woman carrying her baby was leaning on the statue in front of the plaza while another older woman was squatting on the side.</div><div><br /></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="416" data-original-width="601" height="442" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLAVFiIWYsppbeaedqKLqVOpe3g_AYs4KVPXxTcXEm5jTCfpu3_Xl_KQVX2NPZIJ7ahwOOSkItO-HPUvfyl_gFA3wO_Nlcyl1YSVdmrjcSmpfKzx298o-iX_CDVcT1-pqKrAU29r9vXy8ZtPEh8EWte8fGTNWwCDPj6V8VXO3yr3-5paRxDLBaVDIkO84s/w640-h442/image_2023-09-14_170847219.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="640" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">San Nicolas Church, 1902 (upscaled, colorized)</td></tr></tbody></table><div><br /></div></div><div><div>By the time the <a href="https://www.istoryadista.net/2020/09/david-fagen-and-african-americans-who.html">bloody Filipino-American War</a> started to wane down in the Visayas, Dean C. Tatom was discharged from the U.S. Army in October 1899. Instead of going back home, he decided to stay and seek his own adventure by starting his own photography business in Cebu. He started producing ‘cartes de visite’ as there was a steady stream of customers, mostly fellow American soldiers, dropping by his studio. Like Aguilar’s business model, he had hand-stamped backs for the calling cards and used fancier backs (imported from Vienna) for the cabinet cards.</div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="370" data-original-width="733" height="324" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgacRLb7PwRJMjm7e65INv2BohxWLGTjHw4BdTO-_tYdiGbKnrOmVT-HTonfSU9h2oRbxfdj5tZmQJtrLOhriYRkBuI-AMtYhM4A3Iros4iZ-LNyiOVxJSO6X0OxGhoArvuN_p2yCFaFWoiUKdcznL4bsqjHmKfsXLXHEreVBVE428sr-ZASqpFhECUaG9f/w640-h324/image_2023-09-14_170330508.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="640" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Sample postcards from D. Tatom</td></tr></tbody></table><div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="423" data-original-width="591" height="458" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWkXRLFj-UJj8W1Z9Sn81rEMu_DXzYgh6cXLJjYWoiMVUq81XYt5gsI647loN9RswQJ3-q8_Hmfy8KXdOKDLE65PovWq9rlqy3Gwt_rdfXJuTYe1OTz7G0egzknrRPw2Ye_ReVJhKqvG_SSymXfhRTuwVdL8AFTrWtIFI5lKL_CTQOmwuDLLDwEjN2Z2dQ/w640-h458/image_2023-09-14_171607593_pGiwx__please_credit%5Bpalette.fm%5D.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="640" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Vendors selling bananas by the roadside, 1902 (upscaled, colorized)</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="391" data-original-width="640" height="392" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitzJodYudvQxNApkIqvC1LbTnWSPRIgEMX0DJBw3MhlmvNoA7_UiLOzhYcyu5CPHfN21fUSf0oNVJZC8ZVhBVdCzperyu7Ih0gqUuXkKAYGl_P2RfiU68dM-wIFIJMvNB1xvxgk-MzbQm5mxGqFPQJSKdYegxQZ7KQm5-d4n0Nmir5E7B38oCrp3Lj2b7J/w640-h392/image_2023-09-14_171930866_gTXn4__please_credit%5Bpalette.fm%5D.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="640" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Colegio de San Carlos (upscaled, colorized)</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="394" data-original-width="635" height="398" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEg_uBKI4BB8XlvSzzxeZ_MBlTuH3PfyhuJJRa8SjJk5sHpK-9K86V6uNHbRYNY7qu124flwtqYCH2PC8QE5g9Isxb0eSSnPVnMLcJX3JQy0A2NiJemEAQ7rICec2HscADkB6tsmX-h1PX9YDiDB_-CFkThS5xfuYOwP_cxofJuCvsRkXGRkB-pIcXBNtV/w640-h398/image_2023-09-14_172409592_y7jBr__please_credit%5Bpalette.fm%5D.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="640" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Old nipa house with street lamp in front (upscaled, colorized)</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="399" data-original-width="627" height="408" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggX1ef7wEO13GhJlk2_F75QHDDnZjcIZNZNxAybpl8kcVvp76AvyQR9-W85YMtj2uPVgEqMFzvw4gpHBtBuGpyktKJvsCerlwWv9y6nSB6tpVDfawZNn5bVPpMPIZjwtVLXb6WoiZV9ukXTsrYgAVYXEXyM4QNhEIk9I96g9mZUJ32oy1mCKdiMxb6SpE7/w640-h408/image_2023-09-14_172914809_a1Js9__please_credit%5Bpalette.fm%5D.png" width="640" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Carabao cart transporting women (upscaled, colorized)</td></tr></tbody></table><div><br /></div>Tatom usually produced 5” x 7” photos from 1901 to 1908. Many of these don’t have his name printed as they were intended to be pasted into albums. Interestingly enough, some of these photographs have typewritten captions. He has a locally printed set of at least 25 sepia-toned postcards without captions with a monogram of the photo engraver’s initials at the bottom corners with a Tarjeta Postal – Post Card on the back.</div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="398" data-original-width="628" height="406" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLT22g5ZEyIMdU-bYTYYsfbmjt_PO6f9ICuCdyRdS3D5V6DfvvfywSsQz88Rsk6zWO0SRUJr6_N8CAI2TII7V1z5-Um-9D0NWpVzpB3hqB7yd7OO39uqPmDxE14VXRUSXMeDvzgd5Exoco4JbOhLMqOi7w9FY8x7hCrCqjPgmYaCSAI0knz2BWKGyS2xwJ/w640-h406/image_2023-09-14_173505352_F3mw8__please_credit%5Bpalette.fm%5D.png" width="640" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Cebuano insurgents surrender to the Insular Constabulary, 1901 (upscaled, colorized)</td></tr></tbody></table><div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div>Camera Supply Company from Manila have started printing out colored postcards of Cebu as well. One of these was the previously unidentified freight train postcard and now identified because of the distinctive topography.</div></div><div><br /></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="396" data-original-width="632" height="402" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKznORCyBkuwhQkOYLo78GIosUBMmoZbvOLAZSki0ZgFlWC9ZbHBjIRhYvIePGfqHP_XOE5cbqN22ybic43i5ZcgoBdtbCZwnEUWc5ftGUqNGNqnmqStP2FwY7uUWZqZWd-fJBlGkVubx1cXMDo4s1T53Kz51YW66JrPFzie_VT-lGfeXVeexoeMDbhXuq/w640-h402/image_2023-09-18_105124480_yfr4L__please_credit%5Bpalette.fm%5D.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="640" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">PNR engineers surveying the newly built line in Cebu, 1909 (upscaled, colorized)</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div><br /></div><div>Some of his works were published by the Manila-based Photo Supply Company as black-and-white and colorized postcards. Another prolific postcard publisher Thomas P. Joseph of the American Bazaar on Calle Magallanes sold some of the earlier photos by Tatom. These were colorized using a special collotype set with a smooth finish from Germany. The LS Company (originally Lambert Springer and later Lambert Sales) also sold postcards using photographs taken by ex-U.S. Army soldiers like Charles Martin, Samuel Shera, and Edward Gallaher.</div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="518" data-original-width="806" height="412" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKsehj4AwmNcRHNg1yrkpeDi5Nb5dtZi4Dzs-3-GGeDXdQSAkvm1ZiKvdSbomFZvBf8MWl0h75xj2E54uPzFJ6WeqArLmWtQKj1tCFl65bKm9XujQbUKF78G3D6NdgonWDcht8c9O7TOlI9HFSWb4PaG05Ra2OYLCa_ulWRcPam5U72Td1lpJTV5GqzW4f/w640-h412/baseball.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="640" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Cebu baseball team champion, 1910 (upscaled) from LS Co.</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="625" height="410" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtxzy_MCCwujih1URgSeKlhE6O29lUntWokjsuhS3E7QF6mI7JdPZTB30SrbgKUsF0iuliGZl_Urfdqq3smqOfsBHcLXsEVTm-aFCUfBsqb_0MRue5eBfO4ysUxGtGpT44iEILxYS_IJ0j0QtcvfBfWNiL8jiblwFAUwPvgaoeu_Z3YWNRblsnZpq-d7vO/w640-h410/typhoon.jpg" width="640" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The devastation brought by a typhoon that hit Guadalupe, 1912 (upscaled, colorized)</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div>He had a lot of impressive photographic works that captured the life in the city during that time. He married Blandina Sabellano and later, Victoriana Basaga. He died in 1937.</div></div><br /><div><div>Joseph, was actually a Youssef, a "Syrian" immigrant from the Ottoman Empire with links to Iraq. They are from a Christian family in the Levant, who eventually settled in Madras in British India. Both Thomas and brother Lazarus were born there. They later came to Cebu in search of a better life and great opportunities. His daughter Beatrice married another immigrant named Said Deen, the cousin of Alfredo and Eddie Deen and nephew of Najib Deen. He owned successful businesses selling all sorts of imported European, American and Japanese merchandise, including quality postcards.</div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="425" data-original-width="1291" height="210" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1xIgWFbpU6e9a6-GHpi3S0UPQiWOd0r3RyqZlhmo9x1Za0Nxl589mBcH1ijaMyjsJ9TQllk9RG9yyoSSXSGvT7VL9OLY0QhXUwcp9ewzV4RPaH2q76TqfLRZHXDmu1ixEUtYrFLbKR6ad8Vf1TLtoBpiOP4S9c2IN3DPLIIJ1oLRnb3YtYWR_6j7m-oQH/w640-h210/image_2023-09-18_104551520.png" width="640" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Sample postcards from Thomas P. Joseph</td></tr></tbody></table><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="479" data-original-width="750" height="408" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjr8PQxxqIsRvrQP33SvxPRWOCFc8pA-fcUUgfhSdt_JL4efChcSstuxSO1RQGOiVFbOksdfDLNGcXUNUNEtmuTOKHn6AEFraYBcER8U7R0nrTIH11RdWoQhh7ec1Y7CYzLifFi4YNMqURP6Qpy6CL7-HjJVdNt5jpwbeQFe0aPEZhctL_Kl6N6lNxCfmkJ/w640-h408/image_2023-09-18_103257872.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="640" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The American Bazar was located at Calle Magallanes, 1910 (upscaled)</td></tr></tbody></table><div><br /></div></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="403" data-original-width="620" height="416" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhv8uc09QbhP5EGHJmrFNg7-sOJMOXxB6ppO1GHNIROdf2FtbKfY719CXZucdRASIhDy35hm_CqIsD6fazPbY9vXpCfb-ZwSlhNBKkZB_Gieu4HEXrXCDVAJxvdDt-zYm4tCJLKhEacmZoRIEIkzuQgxaGRdisXVm4fyjPqCLk3S4finMQETtX8H95VKxdP/w640-h416/image_2023-09-18_103626318_TGBZt__please_credit%5Bpalette.fm%5D.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="640" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Cebu train station, 1910 (upscaled, colorized)</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="397" data-original-width="629" height="404" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDWWYWq9nwWQ4sw_UgFdN00mj2UB_aSfpvaZyY1im7IEc9Sw5Ivb5mB3Pn_VR59cb6hEt5ojl75OKD8eRqoZbAcorzy9lgNvyahKVNBjsngwlpMod_OFDI8AjCReZjXnWxeJS_FU8JjMR4hxdrNZvrGGmQUzYj5_GAJ8u538U8pjYL5MuqgMtdQuGokQUA/w640-h404/image_2023-09-18_104034013_SD9j6__please_credit%5Bpalette.fm%5D.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="640" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">American flag flying on top of the old Cebu Provincial Building, 1911 (upscaled, colorized)</td></tr></tbody></table><div><br /></div>Some of the postcards he published were some of the earliest colored photos of Cebu. Many of these were printed using a special German collotype with a smooth finish. Soon, his brother Lazarus started his own postcard business (under the L.G. Joseph name) as well. Many of the photos captured some of the places in Cebu that no longer exist to a certain point.</div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgU9AKJZ_KVQtI-oats1yLsItaQXlr0r182bLJWWBrL6hNnx1EAl12MLw47oPLbV3uN2zX0daOQB0ZRjqi3-YoDY2oklfUKc8J8XOmV0ebiZ5WhLMbKLKJOi-ZWwOcniZ5BBT-6-JovrSmCsm0bPtCEjZE9bKqZ5DuwOJqLQGTGb-UtgqxnGn34D0wEmsTg/s656/image_2023-09-18_110321184_RmHo9__please_credit%5Bpalette.fm%5D.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="381" data-original-width="656" height="372" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgU9AKJZ_KVQtI-oats1yLsItaQXlr0r182bLJWWBrL6hNnx1EAl12MLw47oPLbV3uN2zX0daOQB0ZRjqi3-YoDY2oklfUKc8J8XOmV0ebiZ5WhLMbKLKJOi-ZWwOcniZ5BBT-6-JovrSmCsm0bPtCEjZE9bKqZ5DuwOJqLQGTGb-UtgqxnGn34D0wEmsTg/w640-h372/image_2023-09-18_110321184_RmHo9__please_credit%5Bpalette.fm%5D.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Boy with his father selling weaved-bamboo amakan, c1915 (upscaled, colorized)<br /><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="376" data-original-width="664" height="362" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQ5b3VjQbGDQdwxvoohBH6CR4HD_agdrBTxVYO6wHMWYxKglYwucmnKnOWb5sLqKiFUcIVSDNGBa6PZ9mBFTlrDdecVhlT4RctnBJZrGFyrnoMn_LLptHexgxsp5CRUqQ5qI14j7AuklFM1YWmwz5L5qCuaEHSmcvW0q1Tk5ZApMFdYJTgys-p8D-hrCHg/w640-h362/image_2023-09-18_111007216_X0aQg__please_credit%5Bpalette.fm%5D.png" width="640" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Cebu Fire Station, c1915 (upscaled, colorized)<br /><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbZ52GIej9Lkj9xbyRNHIcumDYZqJKuCwBcm8uEPGOs-P6V2O-YtsIw351i2E70ACpPz0XR8B_yMLjwRiO4tXz7-0IdxVP-GYY9VNniCLiHFo2hFTA-1C0vTwIjBN3KDZ8_K-8_TiFzX2AEOr64bGSHL7VCQT5kkxd2nYW5z2I5XJVRGWLu3wpSzF-qq7S/s602/image_2023-09-18_111748766.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="417" data-original-width="602" height="444" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbZ52GIej9Lkj9xbyRNHIcumDYZqJKuCwBcm8uEPGOs-P6V2O-YtsIw351i2E70ACpPz0XR8B_yMLjwRiO4tXz7-0IdxVP-GYY9VNniCLiHFo2hFTA-1C0vTwIjBN3KDZ8_K-8_TiFzX2AEOr64bGSHL7VCQT5kkxd2nYW5z2I5XJVRGWLu3wpSzF-qq7S/w640-h444/image_2023-09-18_111748766.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Calle Magallanes, c1915 (upscaled)<br /><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="387" data-original-width="645" height="384" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmeVqVb60O2k1OD9gUAZdDLI1aLkI5wSDxt-6ZwUUiJEuy-v3QsP9dL2vS77vhFAKF5AVxW4xc36yZYS5u_Gmn2TwlKDlVLrWnf3a3-dKVNoYsIvuABkrrgRQSatwrBR-cODaQ13caIGAbcfHHcu9iv7BCp9NcwwujTAPCamsUvWyFc629rCWV_XLcLaLp/w640-h384/image_2023-09-18_112238008_8nvTA__please_credit%5Bpalette.fm%5D.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="640" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Cebu Lumber sign beside the Colegio de San Carlos, c1915 (upscaled, colorized)</td></tr></tbody></table><br /></div></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="375" data-original-width="668" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSNyVXSAtHurz9YnsVDksnoV8hINPA_F5oWkJUdBr5s9Un5fMxe-zC-qnmCxHJIb37DtZrXAOcldpsgCb8umko3aMobS9OuSpsACsObtsuH-rhKcEVj59LkW5g4fRNvfAcOg2KlRVEaVN1h6-o0JIbq9dxMONjLCqt7ozKK0eqtczh59hMLvS1m6W8QSua/w640-h360/image_2023-09-18_110615873_x5C69__please_credit%5Bpalette.fm%5D.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="640" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Cebu Train Station, c1915 (upscaled, colorized)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="386" data-original-width="647" height="382" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmKZ445ASv5CHohymVUcTv8WsIU4YUJkIpjr_e33RLwc0Zsv6eL2Jf9e8EIO2qcyRLHjWbGkuGj2ieZdmtJpWHt3SU23EhIYD3spEIm5IMKBXjj3da0i4u6HLYTDifZxhRzhLhU4mOQzlzTwylHs2DeAQ0aDVXKJ8X-soaIhWfOAv55PXZD3MJlrP3FbNC/w640-h382/image_2023-09-18_112848967_Pp8lV__please_credit%5Bpalette.fm%5D.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="640" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fiesta de San Juan Bautista, c1915 (upscaled, colorized)</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Austrian immigrant David Leopold Falek also entered the scene in 1904 when he published interesting postcards of Cebu during the early prewar period. He bought the old International Hotel, along Calle Colon and Calle Carmelo, and renamed it to Hotel Vienna. Furthermore, he eventually bought Teatro Oriente and married Maria Rivera Mir.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="710" data-original-width="464" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdyikLuotFFe_RJ-l_VdBnQy1ghP_kxUkjljw8qNBwAWnzuqaEDGdZZS_wDC5zWTAs-IK7YHo5sIqMsxmvttbfEaQpjmU4mKIUZ7XdG5sIjiYyRITMFb3mMrA_A4IIpXOysr7YVEe9lX_eQwIZolLdpSQVJscMP91bjXxfKYUzkvAFL4ODXyvSY4TYBy-C/w418-h640/image_2023-09-18_142237375.png" width="418" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A promotional poster for Cebu's 1st Exposition and Carnival</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">One of the interesting postcard he produced was the one for Cebu's 1st Exposition and Carnival on December 29, 1913 to January 3, 1914. Another prominent photographer in this decade was Simeon Cavinta of Fotografia Universal.</div><h2 style="text-align: left;">The Twenties</h2><div style="text-align: justify;">By the 1920s, new players in the photography scene had entered the market. Photo Materials and Paper Company of Cebu published color-printed postcards in 1924 that was made by Curt Teich & Company from Chicago. The publisher was Lithuanian emigre Henry Aronson, who was also a former U.S. Army serviceman. He ended up settling in Cebu where he married Maria C. Garcia from Talisay, raised children, and acquired properties in Minglanilla and Lahug.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidQVlztz1Q9PoJOEyfU5Woggxxq0uepHr0b30ktDI-R8Yy_lQ4JFxYIxgpfnVo4EEGhQ8ApTTealZGsZZjw1tls09Ejgti5itHMgN85-VVO5ksvo8Eggx_YGfX32LsgxQOSS-_DLy_TslCtnaU1L_LFASvVZhwAXrH_Djv7eKMuh9PAoIuLylljz8ULDIq/s641/image_2023-09-18_113639752_08NnG__please_credit%5Bpalette.fm%5D.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="390" data-original-width="641" height="390" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidQVlztz1Q9PoJOEyfU5Woggxxq0uepHr0b30ktDI-R8Yy_lQ4JFxYIxgpfnVo4EEGhQ8ApTTealZGsZZjw1tls09Ejgti5itHMgN85-VVO5ksvo8Eggx_YGfX32LsgxQOSS-_DLy_TslCtnaU1L_LFASvVZhwAXrH_Djv7eKMuh9PAoIuLylljz8ULDIq/w640-h390/image_2023-09-18_113639752_08NnG__please_credit%5Bpalette.fm%5D.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The bustling scene at the Cebu port area, 1924 (upscaled, colorized)</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="524" data-original-width="837" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFkeNbxn33iJFMSWeilhGTgxI5asZd6ozwBR_zi_82sz1q9JKWSVvX2kAACli93fbogj8xjEMsbVG5bxkNVjPWRYblmtGR5LQvV-uiTGr9p6E8nJPECoTQW3tv5Pxn3-ZgQf34_imDSilMYbREdFeqmZEsXkQqZ8lTjNZ5WzhPebzi91WWG1NQ7__WWtIm/w640-h400/image_2023-09-18_114303453.png" width="640" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Aronson's photo studio along Calle Magallanes, 1924 (upscaled, colorized)</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">He showcased various scenes of everyday life in the city during that time. However, it is not certain if he was really indeed a photographer as his store housed other photo studios like Aghma Studio.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">By the late 1920s, more and more Cebuanos were able to send or give photos of themselves or their group to friends, relatives, and acquaintances than before. Many of the photo studios by this time were offering personal portraits while some provided wardrobes for clients to borrow and even, fancy painted backdrops to choose from.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="695" data-original-width="1004" height="444" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkaxc5iMKzwrcpBoBsPx_FBUyIm5w9rMVmD1aoC2w_gGJQ8FgSr0T4Vh1v8m4dC0w6tSGrooV4-hxEGEiPXQ_FMbqgsppbhlnBgqM9xkoxoLK0WFvTB2Hh_oOTvL_9qAkDROYB4zjy4NxzuBvCrxKZWH181aITX4j-cmBxAzcynbTiV8clqlENc_gDhmZ3/w640-h444/image_2023-09-18_115210696.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="640" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Chong Bunkhong became the most prolific photographer of his time</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><div>The advent of disposable cameras democratized the photography business to a certain point. Although it's still dominated by foreigners and the rich mestizo class, a Chinese man named Chiong Bungkhong started his studio Fotografia Artistica, which was active from 1904 to 1926, thereby breaking the barrier of this industry. He became the most prolific photographer in Cebu at that time.</div><div><br /></div><div><div>Aside from Chiong, <a href="https://www.istoryadista.net/2020/03/finding-their-roots-do-i-have-chinese.html">another Chinese businessman</a> who operated a popular photo studio was S. Chayseng with his Chayseng Studio (also known as Fotografia Tokming and Centro Moderno Fotografico) from 1915 to 1930. It was known for its decorative pre-printed postcard stock and embossed photos with an elaborate seal.</div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="560" data-original-width="356" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-0YJL8LuBK1tXEgefozNIQ7wgQgeNBRn_QOuc6eZZlrL7oA7JGHSs629yluMe6NdGoxwyAf4Z-vbF7ZZ36NU8YUjM1JTnuy6khE2O3xr90A2ApFGNhDFtHfvNZBbIWT3giETMfMJ6Zfr2H3aJ3DTyPwgDoJLmeldhCiWXizqNtLtmjKtN69fNptP2cJTi/w406-h640/image_2023-09-18_122452640_LgT0D__please_credit%5Bpalette.fm%5D.png" width="406" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Portrait of an unknown gentleman, c1925 (upscaled, colorized)</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKz6YmMq02EKUw0M4uUrKvBP6N8kcdSHJfYEJpAy3z3uIKM_AJ3o3MU0UhRFmYDDf3VkDEuWhF4d6bQ3KHdADsZzcXBFkcr7WoecYeQtLJRPd6-02OFRgJPaR-VJIo-OpiBNpBWoBMKa_eToqMgzPdDQVCvAoNhjKR_CYHsYMNB07vq5tmX3lwmzAo3jsi/s638/image_2023-09-18_122814169_eG7sv__please_credit%5Bpalette.fm%5D.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="392" data-original-width="638" height="394" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKz6YmMq02EKUw0M4uUrKvBP6N8kcdSHJfYEJpAy3z3uIKM_AJ3o3MU0UhRFmYDDf3VkDEuWhF4d6bQ3KHdADsZzcXBFkcr7WoecYeQtLJRPd6-02OFRgJPaR-VJIo-OpiBNpBWoBMKa_eToqMgzPdDQVCvAoNhjKR_CYHsYMNB07vq5tmX3lwmzAo3jsi/w640-h394/image_2023-09-18_122814169_eG7sv__please_credit%5Bpalette.fm%5D.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Class photo at Immaculada Concepcion, c1925 (upscaled, colorized)</td></tr></tbody></table><div><br /></div><div>There is a photograph taken at the Immaculada Concepcion and an unknown portrait of a gentleman was attributed to Chayseng.</div></div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="393" data-original-width="636" height="396" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCdvhiLic5qxJUEFfOsmP51qO9An-7sh7u-aC5T1uUqI7SEewIFlQwlk9rc2nSuhOtdcnjBWfhV_tI_I3thii-q0VRWJNWTgNq5QOMLz1UimSHzDGn1-cgyQMI6Si8Degp706F6Tjy9F62SfBSD0XVf3hU17TouZYZt9B_BDyLqahqwbeAU1o-MszHYswB/w640-h396/image_2023-09-18_123659392_aFi3l__please_credit%5Bpalette.fm%5D.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="640" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Group photo of Cebuano teenagers, 1927 (upscaled, colorized)</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div>In Carcar, there was the Mancao Studio with the famous Filemon "Frank" Mancao, who became famous for documenting the plight of Filipino farmworkers in California during the Great Depression. There is one particular photo that stood out - 'The flowers of Pook' taken by L.A. Mancao on June 17, 1927. These days, Pooc is now a barangay in Talisay City.</div><h2>The Thirties</h2><div><div>By the 1930s, Cebu Studio became the most prestigious photo studio in the city with its main branch at Calle Juan Luna. In a time when war tensions were on the horizon, this was <a href="https://www.istoryadista.net/2015/07/nippon-bazar-and-taisho-bazar-cebus.html">owned by a Japanese expatriate M.S. Kuboki</a>. Unlike its competitors, Cebu Studio had its own pre-printed type of postcard photo paper with its film envelope showcasing its Kodak film.</div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="401" data-original-width="623" height="412" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHfOzUL3WmMMW-9nb_ceIf-uFOHro-czQnuswpQ2BPkZZeDHQGNtGghsSgAkVGMuQh_9H0HpIFiS_eEbXXIPYj2JWIdWXGOTAqr5WV2j6scUTMvGJsF6GJERzUMst_LbF_1mo2nFDN80OU0467zLDAY5Kvl8D550cE4eMU8zHxTAQiMqRQy2CxQdtwO-l6/w640-h412/image_2023-09-18_120622687_664Xj__please_credit%5Bpalette.fm%5D.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="640" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Opon Church, c1930 (upscaled, colorized)</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="420" data-original-width="595" height="452" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjN-V3B9Rmt7BGw0qM-_oAfj1QzK8zcfJXakayteyrdCnTnheeCm3NsqOvs8-XIzhNeYvD_OCfC7Ym55bSAY6GO6Tt67pLw1wc1NHZLkMMvnsLS_5iVPJ7E3WG1ZhihYh_jxbxHuFyfIxwvZNm7R5PCWzm7Cz7_XC8V7p4h0lSGDzVIxXIASf0fwXdypgXI/w640-h452/image_2023-09-18_121107259_kaOxN__please_credit%5Bpalette.fm%5D.png" width="640" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Ang Kalipayan movie theater, c1930 (upscaled, colorized)</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="422" data-original-width="593" height="456" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_nDK_94rVyJsEM4HPZa_OV4h3IU_-Bsr2uzMqQfuxSmY-xyxh_zJ04Uy12C3THn7YIQCyJpZpy5KJBfxKx2bln2zFnSEPET2LWje3x65fd8irwaf8WWwz4pmOBJL5EXQluOA7R73gsPjG4wXZ2hW1AsmQtLSqhYTWVPz6BF2hrLRyd03TBn7qMJBfAB_a/w640-h456/image_2023-09-18_121511989_Rt8G0__please_credit%5Bpalette.fm%5D.png" width="640" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Southern Islands Auditorium, c1930 (upscaled, colorized)</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div>Among its famous postcards were landscapes and other scenes such as the Opon church, the Ang Kalipayan movie theater, and Southern Islands Auditorium, which featured the legendary vaudeville performer Luis Borromeo.</div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="622" data-original-width="402" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBLiMekx3ro75tV-lMUFwDGur9ZZnnIh9jGi22cHxYjcTk4M-NOwuPUafv1NnSctssXDYOifXebQL1yl0DNdnRpupTsZ_-yqOtXJe5hGCdOqRCBFUdbYcZ37tIzZckjIkzE-YEZCzML3fIj58QMYmqnDqKG0k2wHODkEnid_arzCONfuKL_Q-IYKVavGnj/w414-h640/image_2023-09-18_121842833_JdIHR__please_credit%5Bpalette.fm%5D.png" width="414" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Portrait of Isidora Siloria, c1930 (upscaled, colorized)</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div>Cebu Studio also specialized in exquisite society portraits for women who wanted to be like Hollywood beauty Greta Garbo and one of them who rose to fame was renowned singer and actress Isidora Siloria. Other Japanese-owned photo studios include the Hijada Studio and Sun Studio (operated by B. Nagata).</div></div><div><br /></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiu4GTXAJWbRWCCBCRVFeLADj53233oKggrg0W0IWh3IPzT3Op0upxuRcm9Tk8fXTJboBbqc-CtLEBkpU08_nbGp1JkCucVb098Y8PSjrC8Shvss5wxjBpWEfhauplh1tiO9iPWIePgnoG1nORdArncW2D4dewZk2rys8f1RyGSELo0ZYZp43au2D48Nt3W/s615/image_2023-09-18_130321206_loaK8__please_credit%5Bpalette.fm%5D.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="615" data-original-width="406" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiu4GTXAJWbRWCCBCRVFeLADj53233oKggrg0W0IWh3IPzT3Op0upxuRcm9Tk8fXTJboBbqc-CtLEBkpU08_nbGp1JkCucVb098Y8PSjrC8Shvss5wxjBpWEfhauplh1tiO9iPWIePgnoG1nORdArncW2D4dewZk2rys8f1RyGSELo0ZYZp43au2D48Nt3W/w422-h640/image_2023-09-18_130321206_loaK8__please_credit%5Bpalette.fm%5D.png" width="422" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Princess Anne of Just Imagine Club, 1932 (upscaled, colorized)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivvdiL1UKk6waa6FfoTEoK74v0XfJJvy0V_Fx3Jb-SRHvJddbhxHCnOPA6IFKgw2OiH6DvaVztgn3a2bGO6nMj25PB_uLru_wwR0sePCECLqh8-xbhkCiU6ippP6waNtj4a-Ydy_XLSr2oyUdgYsQZ0WkrpMBvgHjEzbG-oIFr2X5TdSNHPG3IPafZF_vu/s627/image_2023-09-18_125432337_q5cA2__please_credit%5Bpalette.fm%5D.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="627" data-original-width="399" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivvdiL1UKk6waa6FfoTEoK74v0XfJJvy0V_Fx3Jb-SRHvJddbhxHCnOPA6IFKgw2OiH6DvaVztgn3a2bGO6nMj25PB_uLru_wwR0sePCECLqh8-xbhkCiU6ippP6waNtj4a-Ydy_XLSr2oyUdgYsQZ0WkrpMBvgHjEzbG-oIFr2X5TdSNHPG3IPafZF_vu/w408-h640/image_2023-09-18_125432337_q5cA2__please_credit%5Bpalette.fm%5D.png" width="408" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Crowning of Queen Domenica, 1937 (upscaled, colorized)</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div>National Studio was active during this decade as it often covered events outside the city such as the crowning of Princess Annie of Just Imagine Club in Pinamungahan on April 16, 1932, and Her Majesty Queen Domenica I and Consort, elected 'Miss Liberty' at the Dalaguete Town fiesta on February 14-15, 1937.</div><div><br /></div><div>It was also this decade when women finally entered the photography profession even though it was only on September 17, 1937, when women's suffrage was finally legalized after the plebiscite of 300,000 was surpassed with 447,725 affirmed their aspiration to vote against 33,307 nays.</div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="605" data-original-width="865" height="448" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJKXTSajzRZCmYVHaxLNP7s5uyvIbWev3I1bahQLwVOisWMuBaLtvAZ3FEAFEUhNK06is6onfgjqO3pwKZ3JpwLUJlMl9jypYeWx_TMMfa4FpIihdxOKtY9ByjfaijC5dnel-WQV0FfDVjEQK_qZp-FhNNpjFSuNikcz-EycUVPhUD9E66l0zgNWgay27S/w640-h448/image_2023-09-18_143310865.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="640" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Encarnacion Livionko with consort Victorino Climaco at the 1927 Cebu Carnival (upscaled, colorized)</td></tr></tbody></table><div><br /></div></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="632" data-original-width="396" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpWA-oFskTg7hcd7mlFjy1f8Hwp7nZBtTntJEdYGD-hxFtjh1Ngayi9lmGr-F-q1rmHOAlRQzPxeKaHOyjJoeGc6Eoh2NHHriApAvp6xa_9D8cR-exGhWD8FvyST7vIFoH6RhObnQb_TxDOAwkeKZu7k6YRoq_JMaF-LFWPWpcXGq8mz9LknFSRXjrGHdI/w402-h640/image_2023-09-18_143747651_6mPOQ__please_credit%5Bpalette.fm%5D.png" width="402" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Studio photo of a girl, c1930 (upscaled, colorized)</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="632" data-original-width="395" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifYSXWtCFvwDJvm0NRK9Riaib_HXxnBpxG7OZfVXQpgdBpj3KwB1bkd4XcjkuIyCWA7-KPzsVdTFFlcq-rQPRqtGM-S1KnvQPbFynjsAaeH2bjeVEtdBKQs-L4STL51OK7mVcmestl799LDuVXH3p7YB4kEvZ-xW8nRGXuAmQQZE7mEJ6uhXNOCaIfcc5r/w400-h640/image_2023-09-18_143530995_o4OhS__please_credit%5Bpalette.fm%5D.png" width="400" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Studio photo of two women in traditional Filipiniana, c1930 (upscaled, colorized)</td></tr></tbody></table><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Also known as R. Gonzales Studio and Fotografia Feminista, the Rosa Studio was named after Rosa Gonzales de Tumulak. It was located at different times from 152 Calle Manalili and 213 Calle Juan Luna. It produced studio portraits with elaborate props.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div>There are photo studios that operated prior to and after the Second World War - Sanson Studio, Venus Studio, and Shadow Studio.</div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="397" data-original-width="630" height="404" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJGbaxrhWsVfSVJ-ItlskKfT1S6mYgUOK2IkEiQe9JmELsRvieUW0G9mUQfAtshLQagpW0zDfEJ1QJ4pq_wEr4_2vh0WKRCmrGQgVqJzSFEc4lbbdj_x6dJF9HcyR6MRMmYZjDDVkC5Ui71Cd2XZV_VpYn-O2xfrSMEThTzIxcq4gciiybNHSankrH30hA/w640-h404/image_2023-09-18_145250885_uGZLn__please_credit%5Bpalette.fm%5D.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="640" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The indoor baseball team of the Cebu Normal School, 1933 (upscaled, colorized)</td></tr></tbody></table><div><br /></div></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="392" data-original-width="638" height="394" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNiBYIS6R4OxU2vx699E-6qoTHZRqMDbzII10Ry1OLcxG9UXhfL1ZsFl1lJUJeIwdzc2VzVCEsqsJinv_6fgxqOcIwuFCtg7a3Ajkl4CCuHUxUxPhi-HkNmtXgXRr_03MNomUFcWAlfU7d4RGi_djVusqesGlgfSGmT2gdh3IVbtEDraSYc9n-1vj910ER/w640-h394/image_2023-09-18_150851332_4HoIY__please_credit%5Bpalette.fm%5D.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="640" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A woman in Filipiniana costume in Star Studio, c1930 (upscaled, colorized)</td></tr></tbody></table><div><br /></div><div><span style="text-align: justify;">The next time you see an old man holding a film camera and wanting to take a photo of you, get one for a change. Our history and cultural heritage were captured in photos back in the day and things we thought we knew may no longer exist in the future.</span></div>JP Canonigohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03867309680955928358noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2148827822363692190.post-20403589993538989292023-08-31T10:38:00.026+08:002023-10-04T15:04:47.326+08:00That July Day When We Became Free<div style="text-align: left;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="100%" data-original-width="1023" height="406" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiS6oRgaTEHGJN7Mw_enusz3kvBrOQys_W8VcGtG2J33vQVS33gVq2gHDYR6HMLLbKD352CgASFWqNqIQUkc1mfrczoWj6vJe4c59t6gTX0etxpWIjvR_32Vs2XAQjONSlSDd_Wo9ltty3hW85E5tmAhfeMiEXP7dOMAgzRvYjlOMiW0bgdO8bAGRhzu8Cp/w640-h406/colorized%20cebu%201946.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="100%" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Cebu City during the time on or before July 4, 1946</td></tr></tbody></table><h2 style="text-align: justify;">Introduction: A Tapestry of History and Struggle</h2><div style="text-align: justify;">As a province nestled within the heart of the Philippines, Cebu always had a rich historical tapestry woven with threads of conquest, colonization, and the unyielding pursuit of freedom. From the time of <a href="https://www.istoryadista.net/2022/09/reimagining-what-lapulapu-would-have.html">Lapulapu's defiant stand against Ferdinand Magellan</a> in 1521 to the <a href="https://www.istoryadista.net/2020/06/mampor-origin-tale-of-cebus-most.html">triumphant declaration of independence from Spanish rule</a> on June 12, 1898, Cebu has been at the forefront of the struggle with key personalities, like Arcadio Maxilom and Pantaleon "Leon Kilat" Villegas, leading the charge. The subsequent period of American colonization (1901-1946), the Commonwealth era (1935-1946), and the turbulent years under Japanese occupation (1941-1945) laid the foundation for the monumental events that transpired during the Independence Day celebration on July 4, 1946.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Although the main celebration was held in war-torn Manila with most of the American and other diplomatic dignitaries present at the festivities, Cebu has its own celebration as well. What was life like during that faithful fourth day of July?</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="400" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/h-EzsiYfJ-Q?si=pUuM-0xySlG50r0z" title="YouTube video player" width="100%"></iframe></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The answer can be pieced together on old newspapers documenting what happened days before, during, and after that historic day. News stories during that time period paint a colorful story of that day that most people, who witnessed it then, would probably have forgotten about it.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><h2 style="text-align: justify;">'Adlaw sa Kagawasan': A Day of Jubilation</h2><div style="text-align: justify;">The "Adlaw sa Kagawasan" or Day of Freedom in Cebu marked the celebration of the Philippines' long-awaited liberation from American colonial rule. <a href="https://www.istoryadista.net/2020/06/going-around-cebus-spanish-era-streets.html">The streets of Cebu bustled with activities</a> that ranged from parades and cultural performances to flag-raising ceremonies and patriotic speeches. Similar celebrations reverberated throughout the capital city of Manila, signifying a united nation in the quest for genuine independence.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">At this significant juncture, the United States made political pledges to support the newly independent nation both politically and economically. American businesses showed their solidarity by extending their support, ushering in the hope of a robust economic relationship between the two countries. Foreign nations, recognizing the Philippines as a bulwark of democracy in the midst of the Cold War, offered their congratulations and extended their hand in friendship. Just two days before that, the Americans had recently tested an atomic bomb on Bikini Atoll sinking the form IJN cruiser Sakawa.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><h3 style="text-align: justify;">Activities in Cebu</h3><div style="text-align: justify;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="603" data-original-width="1052" height="366" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUFd6I0MUIbIN16TijIgCWtoCm3zEx0_G1Ij9z4TrFvNhshZxvSsN7c5nMe7oWkr6QjMJRzIbBv6WmB76dq-5pWXniJR8YOoHHJfvLIQOCeejxxdM1oQ7EQ1twFjYYl1nZJeEjyje244zMN4ersJiIR6JPt950iRhY4f3Wu5daCnIO1D27mA_aukde_rnc/w640-h366/image_2023-08-30_171652500.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="640" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Veterans from bringing flags on the streets</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div>According to the official program for the Independence Day celebration, there was a whole host of activities being prepared for the day.</div><div><br /></div><div>Just before the city-wide celebration, radio sets were installed at various places so that the public could hear the broadcast from Manila. Arches were constructed at various places in the city through the management of Engr. Juan G. Peralta.</div><div><br /></div><div>Thanksgiving masses were being held from 6 AM to 7 AM throughout all city churches. By 8:30 AM, all radio stations will by then broadcast the Proclamation of Philippine Independence by American High Commissioner Paul McNutt, the speech of President Manuel Roxas, and the playing of the national anthem and raising of the Philippine flag. After that, all church bells would have been ringing and all factory and ship whistles would have been blown led by the Visayan Electric Company, under the auspices of the Chief of Police.</div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><blockquote class="instagram-media" data-instgrm-captioned="" data-instgrm-permalink="https://www.instagram.com/p/CB9t-XGgSvf/?utm_source=ig_embed&utm_campaign=loading" data-instgrm-version="14" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-radius: 3px; border: 0px; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5) 0px 0px 1px 0px, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15) 0px 1px 10px 0px; margin: 1px; max-width: 540px; min-width: 326px; padding: 0px; width: calc(100% - 2px);"><div style="padding: 16px;"> <a href="https://www.instagram.com/p/CB9t-XGgSvf/?utm_source=ig_embed&utm_campaign=loading" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 0; padding: 0px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; width: 100%;" target="_blank"> <div style="align-items: center; display: flex; flex-direction: row;"> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 50%; flex-grow: 0; height: 40px; margin-right: 14px; width: 40px;"></div> <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex-grow: 1; justify-content: center;"> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; margin-bottom: 6px; width: 100px;"></div> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; width: 60px;"></div></div></div><div style="padding: 19% 0px;"></div> <div style="display: block; height: 50px; margin: 0px auto 12px; width: 50px;"><svg height="50px" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 60 60" width="50px" xmlns:xlink="https://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="https://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g fill-rule="evenodd" fill="none" stroke-width="1" stroke="none"><g fill="#000000" transform="translate(-511.000000, -20.000000)"><g><path d="M556.869,30.41 C554.814,30.41 553.148,32.076 553.148,34.131 C553.148,36.186 554.814,37.852 556.869,37.852 C558.924,37.852 560.59,36.186 560.59,34.131 C560.59,32.076 558.924,30.41 556.869,30.41 M541,60.657 C535.114,60.657 530.342,55.887 530.342,50 C530.342,44.114 535.114,39.342 541,39.342 C546.887,39.342 551.658,44.114 551.658,50 C551.658,55.887 546.887,60.657 541,60.657 M541,33.886 C532.1,33.886 524.886,41.1 524.886,50 C524.886,58.899 532.1,66.113 541,66.113 C549.9,66.113 557.115,58.899 557.115,50 C557.115,41.1 549.9,33.886 541,33.886 M565.378,62.101 C565.244,65.022 564.756,66.606 564.346,67.663 C563.803,69.06 563.154,70.057 562.106,71.106 C561.058,72.155 560.06,72.803 558.662,73.347 C557.607,73.757 556.021,74.244 553.102,74.378 C549.944,74.521 548.997,74.552 541,74.552 C533.003,74.552 532.056,74.521 528.898,74.378 C525.979,74.244 524.393,73.757 523.338,73.347 C521.94,72.803 520.942,72.155 519.894,71.106 C518.846,70.057 518.197,69.06 517.654,67.663 C517.244,66.606 516.755,65.022 516.623,62.101 C516.479,58.943 516.448,57.996 516.448,50 C516.448,42.003 516.479,41.056 516.623,37.899 C516.755,34.978 517.244,33.391 517.654,32.338 C518.197,30.938 518.846,29.942 519.894,28.894 C520.942,27.846 521.94,27.196 523.338,26.654 C524.393,26.244 525.979,25.756 528.898,25.623 C532.057,25.479 533.004,25.448 541,25.448 C548.997,25.448 549.943,25.479 553.102,25.623 C556.021,25.756 557.607,26.244 558.662,26.654 C560.06,27.196 561.058,27.846 562.106,28.894 C563.154,29.942 563.803,30.938 564.346,32.338 C564.756,33.391 565.244,34.978 565.378,37.899 C565.522,41.056 565.552,42.003 565.552,50 C565.552,57.996 565.522,58.943 565.378,62.101 M570.82,37.631 C570.674,34.438 570.167,32.258 569.425,30.349 C568.659,28.377 567.633,26.702 565.965,25.035 C564.297,23.368 562.623,22.342 560.652,21.575 C558.743,20.834 556.562,20.326 553.369,20.18 C550.169,20.033 549.148,20 541,20 C532.853,20 531.831,20.033 528.631,20.18 C525.438,20.326 523.257,20.834 521.349,21.575 C519.376,22.342 517.703,23.368 516.035,25.035 C514.368,26.702 513.342,28.377 512.574,30.349 C511.834,32.258 511.326,34.438 511.181,37.631 C511.035,40.831 511,41.851 511,50 C511,58.147 511.035,59.17 511.181,62.369 C511.326,65.562 511.834,67.743 512.574,69.651 C513.342,71.625 514.368,73.296 516.035,74.965 C517.703,76.634 519.376,77.658 521.349,78.425 C523.257,79.167 525.438,79.673 528.631,79.82 C531.831,79.965 532.853,80.001 541,80.001 C549.148,80.001 550.169,79.965 553.369,79.82 C556.562,79.673 558.743,79.167 560.652,78.425 C562.623,77.658 564.297,76.634 565.965,74.965 C567.633,73.296 568.659,71.625 569.425,69.651 C570.167,67.743 570.674,65.562 570.82,62.369 C570.966,59.17 571,58.147 571,50 C571,41.851 570.966,40.831 570.82,37.631"></path></g></g></g></svg></div><div style="padding-top: 8px;"> <div style="color: #3897f0; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 550; line-height: 18px;">View this post on Instagram</div></div><div style="padding: 12.5% 0px;"></div> <div style="align-items: center; display: flex; flex-direction: row; margin-bottom: 14px;"><div> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 50%; height: 12.5px; transform: translateX(0px) translateY(7px); width: 12.5px;"></div> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; flex-grow: 0; height: 12.5px; margin-left: 2px; margin-right: 14px; transform: rotate(-45deg) translateX(3px) translateY(1px); width: 12.5px;"></div> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 50%; height: 12.5px; transform: translateX(9px) translateY(-18px); width: 12.5px;"></div></div><div style="margin-left: 8px;"> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 50%; flex-grow: 0; height: 20px; width: 20px;"></div> <div style="border-bottom: 2px solid transparent; border-left: 6px solid rgb(244, 244, 244); border-top: 2px solid transparent; height: 0px; transform: translateX(16px) translateY(-4px) rotate(30deg); width: 0px;"></div></div><div style="margin-left: auto;"> <div style="border-right: 8px solid transparent; border-top: 8px solid rgb(244, 244, 244); transform: translateY(16px); width: 0px;"></div> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; flex-grow: 0; height: 12px; transform: translateY(-4px); width: 16px;"></div> <div style="border-left: 8px solid transparent; border-top: 8px solid rgb(244, 244, 244); height: 0px; transform: translateY(-4px) translateX(8px); width: 0px;"></div></div></div> <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex-grow: 1; justify-content: center; margin-bottom: 24px;"> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; margin-bottom: 6px; width: 224px;"></div> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; width: 144px;"></div></div></a><p style="color: #c9c8cd; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 17px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 8px; overflow: hidden; padding: 8px 0px 7px; text-align: center; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://www.instagram.com/p/CB9t-XGgSvf/?utm_source=ig_embed&utm_campaign=loading" style="color: #c9c8cd; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">A post shared by John Paul (@jpthehistorian)</a></p></div></blockquote> <script async="" src="//www.instagram.com/embed.js"></script></div><div><br /></div><div>In the afternoon, a grand parade graced the main thoroughfare. Educational, commercial, and other private and government participations were represented in the parade that started in Plaza Washington under the management of Provincial Provost Marshal and Lt. Amando B. Ruiz.</div><div><br /></div><div><div>The civic parade passed through Magallanes, Jakosalem, P. del Rosario, and Jones Avenue and then terminated at Fuente Osmeña where the speeches were made. Leading the parade will be as follows:</div><div>- 1st Division: Military organizations and provincial and city officials</div><div>- 2nd Division: Government employees, schools, and colleges</div></div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><blockquote class="instagram-media" data-instgrm-captioned="" data-instgrm-permalink="https://www.instagram.com/p/CB7rssQAlCt/?utm_source=ig_embed&utm_campaign=loading" data-instgrm-version="14" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-radius: 3px; border: 0px; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5) 0px 0px 1px 0px, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15) 0px 1px 10px 0px; margin: 1px; max-width: 540px; min-width: 326px; padding: 0px; width: calc(100% - 2px);"><div style="padding: 16px;"> <a href="https://www.instagram.com/p/CB7rssQAlCt/?utm_source=ig_embed&utm_campaign=loading" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 0; padding: 0px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; width: 100%;" target="_blank"> <div style="align-items: center; display: flex; flex-direction: row;"> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 50%; flex-grow: 0; height: 40px; margin-right: 14px; width: 40px;"></div> <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex-grow: 1; justify-content: center;"> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; margin-bottom: 6px; width: 100px;"></div> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; width: 60px;"></div></div></div><div style="padding: 19% 0px;"></div> <div style="display: block; height: 50px; margin: 0px auto 12px; width: 50px;"><svg height="50px" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 60 60" width="50px" xmlns:xlink="https://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="https://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g fill-rule="evenodd" fill="none" stroke-width="1" stroke="none"><g fill="#000000" transform="translate(-511.000000, -20.000000)"><g><path d="M556.869,30.41 C554.814,30.41 553.148,32.076 553.148,34.131 C553.148,36.186 554.814,37.852 556.869,37.852 C558.924,37.852 560.59,36.186 560.59,34.131 C560.59,32.076 558.924,30.41 556.869,30.41 M541,60.657 C535.114,60.657 530.342,55.887 530.342,50 C530.342,44.114 535.114,39.342 541,39.342 C546.887,39.342 551.658,44.114 551.658,50 C551.658,55.887 546.887,60.657 541,60.657 M541,33.886 C532.1,33.886 524.886,41.1 524.886,50 C524.886,58.899 532.1,66.113 541,66.113 C549.9,66.113 557.115,58.899 557.115,50 C557.115,41.1 549.9,33.886 541,33.886 M565.378,62.101 C565.244,65.022 564.756,66.606 564.346,67.663 C563.803,69.06 563.154,70.057 562.106,71.106 C561.058,72.155 560.06,72.803 558.662,73.347 C557.607,73.757 556.021,74.244 553.102,74.378 C549.944,74.521 548.997,74.552 541,74.552 C533.003,74.552 532.056,74.521 528.898,74.378 C525.979,74.244 524.393,73.757 523.338,73.347 C521.94,72.803 520.942,72.155 519.894,71.106 C518.846,70.057 518.197,69.06 517.654,67.663 C517.244,66.606 516.755,65.022 516.623,62.101 C516.479,58.943 516.448,57.996 516.448,50 C516.448,42.003 516.479,41.056 516.623,37.899 C516.755,34.978 517.244,33.391 517.654,32.338 C518.197,30.938 518.846,29.942 519.894,28.894 C520.942,27.846 521.94,27.196 523.338,26.654 C524.393,26.244 525.979,25.756 528.898,25.623 C532.057,25.479 533.004,25.448 541,25.448 C548.997,25.448 549.943,25.479 553.102,25.623 C556.021,25.756 557.607,26.244 558.662,26.654 C560.06,27.196 561.058,27.846 562.106,28.894 C563.154,29.942 563.803,30.938 564.346,32.338 C564.756,33.391 565.244,34.978 565.378,37.899 C565.522,41.056 565.552,42.003 565.552,50 C565.552,57.996 565.522,58.943 565.378,62.101 M570.82,37.631 C570.674,34.438 570.167,32.258 569.425,30.349 C568.659,28.377 567.633,26.702 565.965,25.035 C564.297,23.368 562.623,22.342 560.652,21.575 C558.743,20.834 556.562,20.326 553.369,20.18 C550.169,20.033 549.148,20 541,20 C532.853,20 531.831,20.033 528.631,20.18 C525.438,20.326 523.257,20.834 521.349,21.575 C519.376,22.342 517.703,23.368 516.035,25.035 C514.368,26.702 513.342,28.377 512.574,30.349 C511.834,32.258 511.326,34.438 511.181,37.631 C511.035,40.831 511,41.851 511,50 C511,58.147 511.035,59.17 511.181,62.369 C511.326,65.562 511.834,67.743 512.574,69.651 C513.342,71.625 514.368,73.296 516.035,74.965 C517.703,76.634 519.376,77.658 521.349,78.425 C523.257,79.167 525.438,79.673 528.631,79.82 C531.831,79.965 532.853,80.001 541,80.001 C549.148,80.001 550.169,79.965 553.369,79.82 C556.562,79.673 558.743,79.167 560.652,78.425 C562.623,77.658 564.297,76.634 565.965,74.965 C567.633,73.296 568.659,71.625 569.425,69.651 C570.167,67.743 570.674,65.562 570.82,62.369 C570.966,59.17 571,58.147 571,50 C571,41.851 570.966,40.831 570.82,37.631"></path></g></g></g></svg></div><div style="padding-top: 8px;"> <div style="color: #3897f0; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 550; line-height: 18px;">View this post on Instagram</div></div><div style="padding: 12.5% 0px;"></div> <div style="align-items: center; display: flex; flex-direction: row; margin-bottom: 14px;"><div> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 50%; height: 12.5px; transform: translateX(0px) translateY(7px); width: 12.5px;"></div> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; flex-grow: 0; height: 12.5px; margin-left: 2px; margin-right: 14px; transform: rotate(-45deg) translateX(3px) translateY(1px); width: 12.5px;"></div> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 50%; height: 12.5px; transform: translateX(9px) translateY(-18px); width: 12.5px;"></div></div><div style="margin-left: 8px;"> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 50%; flex-grow: 0; height: 20px; width: 20px;"></div> <div style="border-bottom: 2px solid transparent; border-left: 6px solid rgb(244, 244, 244); border-top: 2px solid transparent; height: 0px; transform: translateX(16px) translateY(-4px) rotate(30deg); width: 0px;"></div></div><div style="margin-left: auto;"> <div style="border-right: 8px solid transparent; border-top: 8px solid rgb(244, 244, 244); transform: translateY(16px); width: 0px;"></div> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; flex-grow: 0; height: 12px; transform: translateY(-4px); width: 16px;"></div> <div style="border-left: 8px solid transparent; border-top: 8px solid rgb(244, 244, 244); height: 0px; transform: translateY(-4px) translateX(8px); width: 0px;"></div></div></div> <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex-grow: 1; justify-content: center; margin-bottom: 24px;"> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; margin-bottom: 6px; width: 224px;"></div> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; width: 144px;"></div></div></a><p style="color: #c9c8cd; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 17px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 8px; overflow: hidden; padding: 8px 0px 7px; text-align: center; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://www.instagram.com/p/CB7rssQAlCt/?utm_source=ig_embed&utm_campaign=loading" style="color: #c9c8cd; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">A post shared by John Paul (@jpthehistorian)</a></p></div></blockquote> <script async="" src="//www.instagram.com/embed.js"></script></div><div><br /></div><div>After that parade, speeches were delivered by Atty. Martina L. Arnoco, Filemon Sotto, and Judge Felix Martinez. Meanwhile, serving as master of ceremonies was Atty. Bernardo Teves. Prizes were given to the most symbolic floats and representations.</div><div><br /></div><div>After the speeches, there was a symbolic Independence tree planting by Bataan Death March survivors under the management of Lt. Pastor Tenchavez on Plaza Independencia grounds.</div><div><br /></div><div>The night is highlighted with a reception and ball at the Club Filipino under the management of Dr. Jose Castillo, Buenaventura Veloso, Rafael Ramos, Agustin Jereza, and Dr. Jose Nolasco.</div><div><br /></div><div>Elsewhere in the province:</div><div><div>The town of Alcantara celebrated the day with Mayor Marcial Ugbinar at the municipal building. Nanie Llenos was chosen as the muse of the night representing "Miss Independence."</div><div><br /></div><div>In Argao, three days of celebration occurred that included different games and other cultural programs. A literary contest was held with C. Ripase and Joven Puerto winning the singing event, M. Rodriguez and Diosdado Lanutan winning the poetry event, and Pedro Llenugas and Gaudioso Alberca won the oratory event. There was a swimming contest as well as field games while a drama was staged too. By Independence Day, a solemn high mass was held with the Philippine flag blessed. The flag ceremony was held at the town plaza with the American flag lowered and the Philippine flag raised. A parade was held in the afternoon participated by students, teachers, and veterans. It was followed by the planting of the Independence Tree, a literary-musical program, and a grand ball.</div></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><h3 style="text-align: justify;">Activities in Manila</h3><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="579" data-original-width="644" height="576" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0MmF2yzeitmOK6QLgKauCKtT1pLcETb7F9iCPxO8k-A_Xo5lAXJHqvOvKHZOWvacOrHKccykR_tMbyUtidnxXHZ9XSAmZ7VbvG_JDLq_nKdonBztc58ZSOj2b5AuSOvMceTsVxynepdNyJnqA4426aKPkvD7hsDdLXua6CqbWy4T0bnnkBIAL7JK5nVJv/w640-h576/image_2023-08-30_171334519.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="640" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">As the American flag is lowered down, the Philippine flag is raised up</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Official delegates of the city and province of Cebu were flown into Manila to witness the inaugural ceremonies led by City Mayor Vicente del Rosario, Municipal Board Members Catalina Solidum-Ybañez, Cresencio Tomakin, and Jovito Abellana while Teresita Cuenco, Virginia Faelnar, and Luz Teves also joined them. The provincial delegates included Governor Manuel Cuenco, Board Members Miguel Raffiñan and Placido Villacarlos, and Municipal Mayors Eustaquio Rosal, Santos Abarquez, and Mariano Dimataga. Also joined were Teodoro Arnoco, Jose L. Abad, Vicenta Escaño, Pilar Urgello, and Amelia Castillo.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The amount of P3,000 was set aside for the Cebu delegates' expenses that came from the wages of firemen, insurance of the police department, city street lighting, and other services. The money was expected to cover the transportation and incidental expenses of the delegation.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="960" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizRikZyMAwDTJUI1W4hpvfMqWdduX6DRufpSDcV4pvar-SZr8eMkLgiIDXZjD1BYNxvYBrGwparqnXK17d82-so-u0g7Sg5S088WxxuEIt_Buv1o7zA8y1biO-uHrj6GHabRaQH4OzNQXFViqYICObaHmA11lVTCb4r1aJwloPjEUcnigFn0QO5t1-oYUW/w640-h480/image_2023-08-30_194840232.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="640" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Official Program of the Independence Proclamation</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The inaugural program was as follows:</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div><br /></div><div>7:10 AM - All guests who have reserved seats were requested to be at their assigned places.</div><div><br /></div><div>7:20 AM - Officials and distinguished guests assembled at the reception hall of the inaugural platform and then escorted to the platform during the ceremony: General Douglas MacArthur and staff, visiting members of the U.S. Senate and House of Representatives, the representatives of foreign governments, members of the U.S. cabinet, state governors of the U.S., chiefs of U.S. armed services, former governors-general, former high commissioners, and many others.</div><div><br /></div><div>7:40 AM - President Manuel Roxas and Vice President Elpidio Quirino left Malacanang Palace preceded by a cavalry escort of the Philippine Army. The U.S. High Commissioner left his residence preceded by a cavalry escort of the U.S. Army.</div><div><br /></div><div>7:55 AM - Arrival of the ceremonial platform with a bugle call signals for the public to rise.</div><div><br /></div><div>8:00 AM - Invocation by Rev. Robert F. Wilmer, address by Senator Tydings, Gen. MacArthur, and High Commissioner McNutt.</div><div><br /></div><div>Flag ceremony and gun salute accompanied the lowering of the American flag and the playing of the American national anthem followed by the raising of the Philippine flag and the playing of the Philippine national anthem to go with a gun salute.</div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="570" data-original-width="807" height="452" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcLhP5Y6fkgJ6K9oEJVfZGjjzMExgwKtSE-8W0-cTC4up6YhVCajeBSIzDJSVGalbaiB9OYYVpgLGo5NHh1s6lctoSsLpT8D614Vi0BL97I5EW21VTAt4grQDKC5dUaqnMgnSDVhl4BYPZnQaz-rAbvW4xcf8uwc2HifVO9hz6_FuQ03HF4YSO-qFMRxES/w640-h452/image_2023-08-30_200206860.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="640" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">President Roxas receiving a congratulatory handshake from Gen. MacArthur</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div>Administration of the oath of office to Vice President Quirino and then followed by that of President Roxas.</div><div><br /></div><div>Address made by President Roxas followed by a public signing of an agreement for the promotion and establishment of diplomatic relations between both countries.</div><div><br /></div><div>The independence hymn was sung by 1,000 members from the Arellano Colleges and the Conservatory of Music of the University of the Philippines.</div><div><br /></div><div>The closing invocation was made by Rev. Gabriel Reyes, archbishop of Cebu.</div><div><br /></div><div>10:00 AM - The ceremony ended with a military and civic parade led by Major General Rafael Jalandoni, chief of staff of the Philippine Army.</div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><h3>US Political Pledges</h3><div>Despite repeated assurances of American support, the Philippines has to figure out how to reconstruct the country after a devastating four years of brutal Japanese occupation. The Americans have washed their hands clean of the responsibilities of helping the country recover. We were just part of the pawn in the brewing Cold War.</div><div><br /></div><div><div>Former Governor-General and Secretary of War Henry Stimson said that the American people will "continue to watch with sympathetic interest and affection the progress of their friends in the Philippines." He added, "As they take their place among the free peoples of the world, the Filipino people will face grave responsibilities and even dangers." In other words, we're on our own.</div><div><br /></div><div>Secretary of Commerce Henry Wallace offered "everything possible" to assist the new republic in reestablishing its economy. The truth of that matter is that the Americans ended up focusing their Marshall Plan on postwar Europe so it could recover faster to circumvent the growing Soviet influence in Eastern Europe. Meanwhile, Secretary of the Treasury Fred Vinson reiterated that the United States will honor pledges of assistance to the country. "During the nearly half of a century of United States sovereignty in the Philippines, goodwill flourished between our peoples. The Filipinos elected to adopt the institutions of American democracy as the keystone of self-government," he added.</div><div><br /></div><div>Senator Millard Tydings, the co-author of the Philippine Independence Act, reiterated the independence as an opportunity for the Philippines to be a leading exponent of a new form of government in the region where men enjoy equal civil rights and the blessings of equal representation by their elected public officials.</div><div><br /></div><div>Congressman Jasper Bell, chair of the House Insular Affairs Committee, is predicting a permanent United States-Philippine friendship. Governor-Generals Frank Murphy and William Cameron Forbes both offered the same thoughts that the Philippines deserved their freedom. All these American officials never mentioned that they actually colonized the islands but used euphemisms of 'sovereignty,' 'Commonwealth,' and 'opportunity' instead.</div></div><div><br /></div><div>As a show of force, Admiral of the Fleet Chester W. Nimitz and Secretary of the Navy James V. Forrestal sent their best wishes to the independent country while at the same time offering America's naval might.</div><h3>Business Support</h3><div>Many businesses have advertised in the newspaper showing their support for the new Philippine republic</div><div><br /></div><div>Among the many prominent businesses and organizations, major ads featured that of the Manilenan Jewelry Store of A. Sards Purino, Rainbow Refreshments & Pacific Beauty Parlor by Victor Ricahuerta, the Marcelo Rubber & Lates Products, The Jewel - Expert Watchmaker & Goldsmith by A.E. Bacus, Wilsands, the Cebu Chinese Chamber of Commerce, Times Kitchen, Chua Constuction, Cebu Institute, United Merchants Corp., Cebu Portland Cement, San Miguel Beer, Plancoya Philippine American Corp., The Rotary Club of Cebu, Tabla Athletic Supply, Visayan Electric Company, Americal Trading Co., Botica Boie, Southern Movies Corp., Far Eastern Air Transport, Metro Drug Corp., Philippine Airlines, Melody Family Theatre, Victoria Hotel, and Colegio de San Carlos.</div><div><br /></div><div><div>Felipe Lorenzana Sons were the exclusive distributors of Sun Flame kerosene lamps (Petroleo) that were widely used to light up homes then. The Jewel, located at T. Padilla Street, is known for their silver seal curling solution, face campan cream balm and other cosmetics. They also sell watches and clocks while also providing top-notch watch repair.</div><div><br /></div><div>Just before <a href="https://www.istoryadista.net/2015/07/nippon-bazar-and-taisho-bazar-cebus.html">we had the big shopping malls</a>, there was Wilsand's with its large selection of goods from electric appliances to imported goods. Times Kitchen must have been a favorite place for American servicemen to hang out then since it was dubbed as the "stars-spangled" establishment in the city.</div><div><br /></div><div>The San Miguel Brewery plant along Martires Street still existed way back then.</div></div><div><br /></div><div><div>Operated by a Chinese-Ilonggo management, the De Luxe Hotel along Sikatuna Street is advertised as cool, clean, comfortable, and quiet while also showcasing its specialty in Chinese, American, and Filipino cuisine. Cafe Astoria Restaurant on F. Ramos Street serves breakfast, lunch, and dinner as well as short orders of ice cream, and cakes. Adrasi Panciteria may have the best pancit in the area.</div><div><br /></div><div>Before there was Mercury Drug or Watson's, there was Botica Boie where you buy a wide variety of your daily needs.</div><div><br /></div><div>Looking for the best fashion in town? Go to Men's Mode Tailoring, New Model Tailoring, or Royal Tailoring. Get your smartest American footwear at the White House Shoe Emporium on D. Jakosalem Street. If you want to get your photo taken, you may stop by Souvenir Studio at D. Jakosalem Street, Tropic Studio at Sanciangko Street, or Modern Photo Craft at P. del Rosario Street.</div></div><h3>Foreign Support</h3></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div>Many overseas Filipinos have pledged support for rehabilitation for their countrymen back home. Many of these are from the large Filipino communities in Hawaii, where many have relatives back in Cebu. Interestingly, about 52,000 of them were not in favor of immediate independence yet they remained united in their fervent expressions of goodwill.</div><div><br /></div><div>They have hosted an elaborate series of celebrations in observance of the Philippine independence. Many of the plantation workers have joined the festivities. A Miss Philippine Republic queen of the community was even announced.</div></div><h2 style="text-align: justify;">Strings Attached? Sovereignty Amidst Compromises</h2><div style="text-align: justify;">The celebration, while a beacon of hope, was not without its complexities. The United States continued to exercise a degree of control over the Philippines' foreign affairs, leading some to question the true extent of the nation's sovereignty. Moreover, the lingering presence of American military bases on Philippine soil raised concerns about the true nature of the newly gained independence.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="710" data-original-width="899" height="505" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiC_ZzUaqncY-OaWC3nhfsfsBSasdCM7MuuQYFmdzYTuqlVAVYVxTAYop5nv3BU1hqtkWmOIL0xPTFBb_NArB31brHi1JzneN6JXtWtFLOQmYfiY3tzL6C7oGaA6KuvZcWzay5PdtueQvguo84JIE9bcQPAqkSq_jJSLQSNdROENSjk9mo_6ceww9Skmbg6/w640-h505/image_2023-08-30_170537228.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="640" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The headline says it all, The United States is still in control</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Despite the long promise of independence, the United States has firm control of Philippine foreign policy and a major foothold on key military bases and important business interests in the country. We're at the start of the Cold War between the West and the Communist bloc countries of the Soviet Union and soon, to be victorious, China. The Philippines is forced to choose a side in this conflict.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">While the Philippines was still transitioning to becoming fully independent, the United States, through its State Department, agreed to represent the country's interests abroad pending the organization of its own diplomatic and consular establishments.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><h2 style="text-align: justify;">Political Climate: Leadership, Events, and Scandals</h2><div style="text-align: justify;">The political landscape of the Philippines during this period was a mixture of promise and turmoil. Leaders emerged to steer the nation towards progress, but the road was marred by various political events and scandals. The legacy of the Commonwealth era was visible as Manuel Roxas, the first president of the independent Philippines, assumed office. However, his untimely death cast a shadow over the nation's leadership, leading to the ascent of Elpidio Quirino.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="963" data-original-width="632" height="100%" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqW2D-v_zwzDj90GHgKagAfUMcIEayDueiywhpcvh_RwRBFV2wL-7TuwoXx0VYaGwJYU0_AWnBnOVRvG6F8VlgqgxCb_BsJAdGqyfXbrNF04r18lzVVrQIsFB9Gxw0sb2PfvNG7cq2M8-BUpuYuYa79yvn0FjoXwM8jiU-Nf3ktu49Pal0rpLi4A7H8ubE/w420-h640/image_2023-08-31_095238935.png" width="100%" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">These were the key political leaders of that time</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Although there was great optimism by former colonial officials and current American political leaders, it was not the case for some. The Pioneer Press editorial warns Cebuanos (represented as Iyo Hantoy) about the hangover of celebration and the disappointment of what this "independence" will bring about. There is a growing concern about the provisions of the Property Rights Bill and the Rehabilitation Bill.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Key local leaders like Governor Manuel Cuenco, Cebu City Mayor Vicente del Rosario, Cebu Mayors League president Eustaquio Rosal, and Municipal Board president Marcos Morelos all issued statements celebrating the Independence Day. Cuenco compared independence with that the Americans secured from the British Empire. Del Rosario recalls the great heroes who fought for the country's independence and the political leaders who spearheaded law and diplomacy. Rosal emphasized the important role every person has to play in the reconstruction of the country. Morelos believed that the country should spearhead progress, peace, and democracy across the Pacific.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">It was not smooth sailing for the newly independent country. There were widespread corruption scandals and controversies involving local and national political figures.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><ul><li>There was political intrigue and drama brewing when ex-President Osmeña did not receive an invitation to the Republic's inauguration or the Malacanang State Ball.</li><li></li><li>Congressman Vicente Logarta opposed the Bell Bill as it would place the country under a colonial economy and mortgage its future destiny. Supporting him were Floor Leader Cipriano Primicias Sr. and Congressman Felixberto Serrano. However, the bill was approved by the House 57 to 19.</li><li>The Cebu public works scandal was in full bloom as a complaint alleged that the District Engineer's office used P1.2 million in Bureau of Public Works funds for electioneering purposes.</li></ul></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><h2 style="text-align: justify;">Post-War Reconstruction: Struggles and Hurdles</h2><div style="text-align: justify;">The aftermath of World War II left the Philippines grappling with the challenges of post-war reconstruction. Communist rebels sought to exploit the vulnerabilities, while lawlessness and criminal gangs posed threats to the nation's stability. The journey towards progress was fraught with obstacles, but the Filipino spirit remained unbroken.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1314" data-original-width="1956" height="430" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUHIgrPHtX9cXA6roFWjWPLw1wIbNjL8DiU8Iq3rbppbmUdw9qUK8a01lxHskdigYZvjTFvUccTTIkDvkt3XaeZHrHY0P5qDkhwf60nEvA2ypCqatICcCyEwyFCafSJ3n-Mzh7HzYPnTNEwH3RMN1wdWnuRtXoFGRGGyYRG_l9b8uMtSsuezCN9JG5qKXJ/w640-h430/image_2023-08-30_195357522.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="640" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The backdrop of the Cold War shows</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">The postwar era saw the rise of communist rebels and criminal gangs in the countryside due to a large cache of loose firearms lying around. Many of the ex-guerillas later became warlords by extorting businesses, farmers, and ordinary folks alike.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The military police were investigating a criminal band of 300 well-armed men in the vicinity of Sudlon. Conflicting reports said that the men were members of Moncado's Crusaders Army who were waiting for their "master" to move when he assumed as President of the Philippines. Other reports suggested that these were discontented elements and former guerillas disillusioned by the failure of promised back pay.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">All demobilized officers and enlisted men of the Cebu Guerilla Forces were requested to report at the "Times Kitchen" at the corner of Jones Avenue and Sanciangco Street.</div><h2 style="text-align: justify;">What Life Was Like?</h2><div style="text-align: justify;">Socio-cultural events played a pivotal role in shaping the nation's identity. The Philippines witnessed a surge in artistic expressions, including movies, theater, radio shows, and music, which resonated with the people's aspirations. However, the period wasn't entirely peaceful, as the rise of crime and the persistent threat of rebels reminded the nation of the challenges that lay ahead. The cost of goods and the evolving trends reflected the nation's attempt to adapt to a transformed economic landscape.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Cebu was still reeling from the impact of war. As a result, rice distribution by the National Rice and Corn Corporation (NARIC) was delayed for a week as the ration card forms were yet to arrive from Manila. Yes, rice supplies were still being rationed to address food shortages throughout the country. Ration cards that were delayed were expected to give every Cebuano P0.13 milk tin can or P1.17 rice ganta.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">A total of 304,139 pounds of flour and 20,000 canned goods were left at the provincial treasurer's warehouse. An additional 734 bales of clothing that were to be distributed to the people for free were also stocked up.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Further compounding the problem is the fact, that there was a massive locust plague ravaging the province and the arrival of 50 kilos of highly-concentrated DDT and arsenic was delayed as well. It would have been a big help for the Cebuano farmers looking to produce more rice for the province.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Water shortage was expected for the next three to four months if the city can't install new pumping units. The City Engineer has requested the mayor to ask the national government to have the P100,000 allotted for the Osmeña Water Works released.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Eventually, U.S. Army Air Force planes carried out aerial spraying of pests over Opon and Cordova while another one from Lahug to Talamban, Mandaue, Consolacion, Liloan, Compostela, Danao, Carmen, Oslob, Malabuyoc, Bogo, and Sogod.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="646" data-original-width="714" height="580" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7ecp22uRIhAI0asYp_73OZLPU6TrvT58PQjItWSkdMf-ZYa_iFj1I70pycsfmtEyISMcdbE58TdcEF1lD7V0U_9cr2FMTsQl75PCQIDUudfcp4x3BRSuH4MB8vGR5qMNt2J1Gzs0SGhk3DqG6tEIgjL-J6jsVh4b-seuVDNSE3oW2ktxbRXpETN04WYiz/w640-h580/image_2023-08-31_102924556.png" width="640" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Lottery results on July 4, 1946</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">We all love the lottery, right? The biggest prize at that time was P500,000 for one lucky ticketholder of #576690. The second and third prizes will get you P200,000 and P100,000 respectively.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">It is interesting to know that the "Voice of the People" section gives us great insights as to how people lived their lives then. This section showcases letters sent by ordinary citizens to the editors complaining about certain things. A certain Camilo Villa wrote to the editors complaining about the suspension of the sale of rice that resulted in the rise of price in a short period of time. Alfredo Ordona complained about the delay of mail service in the Dumanjug area because of an erring mail carrier.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div>Repair of eight streets and ten barrio roads commenced after the P45,000 appropriation was approved. Streets included were Villagonzalo, Andres Bonifacio, Bag-ong Bayan, Tres de Abril, Katipunan, P. del Rosario, F. Llamas, and Tuti. Also included were roads in Banawa, Inayawan, Pardo, Mabolo, Cadre-Talamban, Pit-os Dit, Talamban Pit-os Binaliw, Dita-Adlawon, and Busay-Canmunggo.</div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><h3 style="text-align: justify;">Socio-Cultural Events</h3><div style="text-align: justify;">About 300 men and women have applied for enrollment in the Southern Islands School of Nursing with only 40 of them getting the chance of being accepted. Classes were expected to resume once the fiscal year budget is approved.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The Cebu Institute has opened its school with its kindergarten, elementary, and high school. It was led by Dr. Arthur Curson of Silliman University, Nicanor Santos, Felix Sun, Natividad Logrono, and Jose Diao.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The Visayan School of Hairdressing and Dressmaking has opened its doors to new students and my late mother may have gone there as well. That's where she learned how to make clothes for all of us when we were young.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="921" data-original-width="1135" height="520" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIHXgi_eCUEkCb4FIgCiKXuAs5pGV7w5QyTvuLiIdaOqhvMKjWH_NvQkPANyNfmppK6Dw8rX4CWJa-F_YNzJfm69rlibaAUjzmgprRqE8Wx7DyapECBNJfBRg2YiARpHV4-yhZBv9XzOWjcNdzv33PDfcHATa6bfdnsXQMTVHOCoB_SJRr-HpZcuFv6Fuz/w640-h520/image_2023-08-30_181548906.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="640" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">See the tuition fee at USC back then</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Colegio de San Carlos, my alma mater, has opened the school with full primary and intermediate classes, a high school for boys and girls, and a collegiate department. Its boarding house for boys is located in the former Little Flower building along Gomez Street. The College of Commerce has day and night classes. Tuition fees then were like: P4.00 per month for elementary, P5.00 per month for intermediate, P7.00 per month for 1st/2nd-year high school, P8.00 per month for 3rd/4th-year high school, P12.00 per month for college, and P15.00 per month for law school.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Meanwhile, the United States Information Service library on Jones Avenue (now Osmeña Boulevard) has extended its opening hours to accommodate more visitors. About 800 new books have been received by the library.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div>The newspaper's "Society" section, edited by Aurelia Balagot, covered certain social events happening on that date. Mayor del Rosario was honored by a Luzon group with a lunch at the Top Hat. The UP Cebu Junior College had an election of their "Lex Circle" for pre-law students. Elected were president R. Bornia, vice president Tim Derecho, secretary Lydia Barro, and treasurer Adelina Sugatan.</div><div><br /></div><div>The Philippine Commercial Corporation also elected its officers with Manuel Ponce as president, Aproniano Bacus as vice president, Narciso Sinco as secretary, Marcial Borromeo as treasurer, and Tomas Borromeo and Victoriano Reynes as members of the board.</div><div><br /></div><div>The Talisay Brothers and Sisters Association had their new sets of officers with Gerardo Basilote as president, Remedios Cabalan as vice president, Cenona Campo Lazo as secretary, Olimpia Deiparine as treasurer, Maximo Fernandez and Segundo as sergeant at arms.</div><div><br /></div><div>Marcelo Bas from Talisay celebrated his birthday at a downtown restaurant with a simple dinner. Among present were Juan E. Yap, Benito Deiparine, Aproniano Bacus, Celestino Sybico, Jose Ybanez, Romeo Andaya, and Jose Demetrio.</div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><h3 style="text-align: justify;">Crime Wave</h3><div style="text-align: justify;"><div>Did you know that there was a jailbreak just before the Independence Day celebration?</div><div><br /></div><div><div>An alarm was sounded out by the police headquarters for the apprehension of 22 prisoners of the city jail who escaped at around 8 PM by breaking down the board and cutting the barbed wire on the western end of their cell.</div><div><br /></div><div>Among the escapees were Severino and Pablo Dionson, both with murder charges. They were believed to have headed for the hills of Adlawon where they lived. Most of the escapees were petty criminals with short sentences. It is believed that the remaining 39 prisoners would have also escaped had the absence of the 22 prisoners were not noted 20 minutes earlier. There was a roll call check and it was only discovered that there were missing prisoners.</div><div><br /></div><div>It happened when the city guard and jailer were on the other side of the prisoners' cell when it happened. There was only one guard instead of two.</div></div><div><br /></div><div>A 57-year-old Felipe Lopez was shot and killed after one of three unidentified men gunned him down on Mango Avenue. He was murdered six yards from his home and P800 was taken away from him. The criminals headed towards the vicinity of the Redemptorist Church. A 38-year-old Cipriano Planas was shot by a teenager as he was resting inside his parked car on Jakosalem-P. del Rosario Streets. Estanislao Solon was shot dead by one of the airstrip guards in Lahug Airport while caught in the act of loading some empty drums in a cargo truck along with some companions.</div><div><br /></div><div>There was a gunfight between the 8th Military District guards and armed thugs when the latter attempted to break through the Regional Finance building at the extreme end of the camp area on Jones Avenue. The battle lasted for half an hour with the guards reinforced by reserves armed with automatic rifles. Around 50 guards held their ground and dispersed the undetermined number of bandits.</div><div><br /></div><div>The guards of the restricted area of the Pahina River at the end of Colon Street were attacked by an undetermined number of men armed with automatic pistols and hand grenades. Many of the residents in that area moved to safer grounds. A military police patrol arrived later when the attackers had already left.</div><div><br /></div><div>An arrest warrant was issued for Japanese Army sergeant Akira Takeshita for his role in the torture of 100 non-combatant Filipino civilians including the killing of five villagers in Talisay, Negros Occidental in April 1944.</div><div><br /></div><div>An arsenal was found in the household of widow Eugenia Jumalon at Junquera Street as 71 pieces of Japanese land-mine blasting caps and a Remington automatic pistol with five rounds of ammunition were recovered.</div><h3>Price of Goods and Services</h3><div>Of course, we all think that the <a href="https://www.istoryadista.net/2023/08/were-things-really-cheap-back-in-good.html">prices of good was still low then</a>. Well, that's not necessarily the case as there was a shortage of key supplies even though the war ended a few months back. Transportation and logistics are still in shambles. The Americans have kept the economy afloat thanks to its supply line and large surplus left behind. There was inflation as well.</div><div><br /></div><div>But for the sake of our unhealthy obsession with nostalgia, we can show the prices of products and services advertised in newspapers at that time.</div><div><br /></div><div>The subscription rate for the Pioneer Press was P2.50 per month and P25.00 per year.</div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="485" data-original-width="362" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgW--MG9ixB-of3QeTqAoG8jy7tXzPXSJuXeuWqCo_KfoLCRJPvBvn5kHdZNACEfaC95-tk7Y6KV5PxzWhZeKEjVPWjRl09TlEa7FNFzOqXrFLUodpyMIobPomTQSwHytRL4IEtfnzXZINSeO3Xgihwa_17HdxzcFUCwbJ0iuts0exkDh6uFVhifAyjyEmU/w478-h640/image_2023-08-30_183028016.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="478" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Subscription rates for "Pioneer Press"</td></tr></tbody></table><div><br /></div><div>There were two key competitors for the air transport service - Philippine Airlines and the defunct Far Eastern Air Transport. The latter has offices at the Lahug Airstrip and Jones Avenue with daily Manila, Iloilo, and Bacolod flights and weekly flights to key Mindanao cities. The former eventually resumed its operations by July 1946.</div><div><br /></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="745" data-original-width="569" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAKWG2VYA9s7L0owKQCr50yC_RXOEtsWuflbL_KvbpHvQLBNL99Qn_TkbcdJfoiwk3dvEtqXiVPp5V-GDw04zSLqYv24mvHvfZkjrxzNtOBibkOqHy2kmM0yrEkxeIPx4DIWCVhCmdEnHT5EyZtFgvokkDTtZfcz9b1j_1Y1LlLm3RkV12NmVd0dSVqYAz/w488-h640/image_2023-08-30_182534115.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="488" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Passenger and freight airfares</td></tr></tbody></table><div><br /></div><div>Can't afford to take the plane? Go on a ship at De La Rama Lines on the S/S Luzon.</div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="606" data-original-width="528" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyhtOSVJ5X6lr-AgfYBzQHXzaj1-thqTJ_7I68virKK7D4BpjM8hvwJNOlcyVDIt7iu39jeQb06dHl6lAf1wdKQmzlL74pDL4ZT4gap2i38HTSh0SOjO6pfvZBDOHpfefzBx44lFQHg16cD7-OnMw7cv_iNv8hhqMPT40yOaKDa3vITbMIe2BlPU_59VIp/w558-h640/image_2023-08-30_183429095.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="558" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Going to Manila? Get on a steamship.</td></tr></tbody></table><div><br /></div><div>Glory Hardware & Auto Supply supplies spare parts for GI vehicles, tires and trailers from Ford, Dodge, GMC, and Diamond T. They also sell cargo trucks and jeeps. Nicanor Santos, who happens to be a board of trustee from the Cebu Institute, put up an ad that he's selling surplus American vehicles like cargo trucks, jeeps, and ambulances. The Unchuan Brothers put up an advertisement for a "weapons carriers" in perfect running condition for P1,800. Wondering what kind of vehicle was it? These are the same designs we used to make "owner-type" jeeps. There were a lot of these lying around at that time and many of these dealers made a lot of money reselling these surplus vehicles.</div></div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="730" data-original-width="934" height="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjCuajwOqAVVJpASlvkrA7syWTLsoRaO0fPl21DuEstnnPgPoMoGx5JyJV0g1MxhXvoltMyCWu8OS7eAEeapMJ7yvaHWyveyRb0kFwUGv3kkRlN9OJq24rADJASy1h_Za36sl2DppiB-ufKLHybiv_rRajaSDo-DVssszKPVy8ZvvRkbYrRASD_n2UMuYG/w640-h500/image_2023-08-30_185302806.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="640" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Weapons carriers for sale?</td></tr></tbody></table><div><br /></div><div><div>Nike shoes don't exist yet but the United Merchant Department Store has introduced Huaraches shoes imported from Mexico. Tabla Athletic Supply was the preeminent sporting goods store back then as they sell a variety of products from the United States. Americal Trading was probably selling a lot of discounted surplus goods at low cost.</div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="498" data-original-width="1106" height="288" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvKbTXVN3JiOXiPWjz1id964Ct6XjtC7XuuzwF5gy87b1UvLosb3Inlirw9B479lV-w3rGbMwzLCAVZCjygODFd7w7oM6u6WyvqO3Zab3LIbxXjIJEZQD4WJJJ0C73TDLwz7OUzp3CO3dsegBlboO8oXbnQgz3Ube_FNaJMTrMENQQ08p8WkgDOItqp-zT/w640-h288/image_2023-08-31_093312596.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="640" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Huaraches do look comfortable<br /><br /></td></tr></tbody></table></div><h3>What's Trending?</h3></div><div style="text-align: justify;">On the auspicious day, the Finance Committee of the Joint Independence Day Committee issued special stamps and seals commemorating Independence Day. The proceeds were used to fund the expenses of the inauguration ceremonies. The souvenir issues carried the design portraying Columbia in the act of handing over the Philippine flag to Filipinas.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="345" data-original-width="617" height="358" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhODe0AFoBJ1L0D9qvLq0LDbAzIWxuFI18Y8vLTWewKN6Tdd7Gj6cW4UJNAolZ0yMQFADBhlWRNVYYEIeI1UbyQAuHfP0O7_kiw_1SdsPjwYvoI65dyGzrPx46uPkiarxocEtQBu5gfAPNfsANenyW8mjd5v0FCJ_TOFO_LHZcPy2gi5aC6HSHW2M_OdKio/w640-h358/image_2023-08-30_192649248.png" width="640" /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">There was an ad running for a few weeks during that time from Metro Drug offering "Ascarol" bonbons for children. These were actually worm repellants for children suffering from infestation considering that there was no proper water sanitation then.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="160" data-original-width="967" height="106" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3P9NgjR9Zn_n2DvxqEfxkY62yel_-7y8ZrJ1ZkK9wpE9uTj5ZaJcpAIr1Qqbsrw9g9POOcDoWrYeJ3yTyWVkFL6QzpXaRcWtzOJ6lkVBLxZPYo9XDkDvtkdYpICZwkNFofnPNBkiI05XDVgFA7OCyh3CWO8tHnOqm8KIJsrGnXRNF0hTORCHQmD9dbruj/w640-h106/image_2023-08-30_183838750.png" width="640" /></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Many Cebuanos often went to watch movies as there was no television or Netflix then to keep them entertained. <a href="https://www.istoryadista.net/2021/02/lost-landmarks-of-cebu-theaters-of.html">Downtown has a lot of moviehouses lining up</a> like Vision Theater and Look. So what was shown on the big screens? American movies of course! On that date, the Paramount war classic "Wake Island" was shown on the former and the Columbia Pictures' Western gunslinger "Texas" on the latter. Pretty sure, the younger versions of your grandparents already know what movie they should watch on a first date.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="800" data-original-width="1078" height="474" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimW4kQv-J1WP1YXdnzGIycn6hk-MRNEw0HI_E3hVEDW-Fcan5Zmp9_gAWU3SJBFxV0-rKxyIAaglfBjWB-SKG8Y5wqMjEGmxkGpu2jiT1Pwcc293jKKwgi2V_JyZyhxO22OiIHBoPKRd2E6Rgtf8RlYDIyfG0-gTbYE53jkdQbcUa9Co9ZoyV57uokw_4Z/w640-h474/image_2023-08-31_091444333.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="640" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">What's on the movies?</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Meanwhile, the Melody Family Theatre was showing the cult classic "The Spider Returns" while also lining up a series of movies that included Filipino films like "Walang Kamatayan" and "Ibong Adarna" and a whole host of American patriotic and war films as well.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="544" data-original-width="985" height="354" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZQRrWpjIDUqLqpatYJ2jrT8BnWFyP2D05NDikL21KKxPCwXf9yZHJyJisqjXP_4lgMQeeunWoqscwF_rvnk9AUCrajR0lBQ-Y5F4NSaizx1xCiOVMXCQD714xBOcKn3I2cIzh7m6NpCKilsS7744Ts1dCobh2ZiSgMkSv-x-7Tub1pBVrXwSWBj1g9daF/w640-h354/image_2023-08-31_092254987.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="640" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Marvel superhero movies were not yet there but this one is interesting</td></tr></tbody></table><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><h2 style="text-align: justify;">The Days Ahead: Transition and Transformation</h2><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The sudden passing of Roxas and the ascension of Quirino marked a period of transition for the young nation. While challenges persisted, the Philippines continued to strive for progress and stability. Quirino's administration embarked on a path to uphold the ideals of independence and democracy, despite the hurdles that lay ahead.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><h2 style="text-align: justify;">Final Words: A Legacy of Struggle and Hope</h2><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Cebu's Independence Day celebration on July 4, 1946, encapsulated a nation's journey from the shackles of colonialism to the beacon of self-governance. The festivities in Cebu and Manila marked the culmination of decades of struggle and sacrifice, highlighting the Filipino people's indomitable spirit. While challenges remained on the horizon, the celebration served as a testament to the nation's determination to forge its destiny, mindful of its history yet eager to embrace the promise of the future.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="400" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/aAAQTSR3jzs?si=pOzfIAqobH4KQAK4" title="YouTube video player" width="100%"></iframe></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div>Years later, President Diosdado Macapagal made the change to revert the Independence Day to June 12 instead of July 4, the same day as the American's 1776 independence. Interestingly, Andres Bonifacio shouted "Viva la independencia Filipinas!" on April 12, 1895. The Cry of Pudgadlawin in August 23, 1896 is also another alternate date as symbolized by tearing of the cedulas.</div><div><br /></div><div>Interestingly, the Japanese also symbolically granted independence to the Philippines on October 14, 1943 with the establishment of the "puppet" government.</div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>References:</b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><i><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1RS93UU62RDvVEPK2CKGMr8qw5V6NBeOW/view">"America to Retain Properties in P.I."</a></i> <b>The Pioneer Press</b>. July 4, 1946.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/featured/republic-day/">"Republic Day."</a> <b>The Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines</b>.</div>JP Canonigohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03867309680955928358noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2148827822363692190.post-30883086396970221632023-08-06T17:24:00.003+08:002023-10-04T15:03:30.206+08:00Were Things Really Cheap Back in the "Good Old Days"?<div style="text-align: left;"><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-width="100%" height="428" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxfCAL-rgz4pY2Ci5t9SaR47vR1R9KFYOGYhclHb5dWrFw4ah78ktgP7HVH3yyUX9PR4yqMFU2ChjkmdwjdCIMVc5UjQpArzGoQGTFQflaatPBsHC001xBmJ8UMrfok8TWCVKag3R3Qsdxzyd1PgXH_I486U4VJN6jYilxOkMpzPgSpF91xhr98bWk7uF3/w640-h428/image_2023-08-05_093130609_AvRfM__please_credit%5Bpalette.fm%5D.png" width="640" /></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Ah, the good old days! Nostalgia often paints a rosy picture of the past, where life was simpler, and everything seemed more affordable. It's a common belief that everything was cheap back in the day, and many of us have probably caught ourselves daydreaming about living in a time when a few coins could buy us a feast. But before we get lost in those daydreams, let's take a reality check and debunk this widespread notion.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><h1 style="text-align: justify;">Debunking the Belief</h1><div style="text-align: justify;">Why do most people have this unhealthy obsession with wanting to live in the past, claiming that everything was cheap? One of the primary reasons is the concept of the <a href="https://www.istoryadista.net/2020/06/mampor-origin-tale-of-cebus-most.html">"good old days."</a> As we grow older, our minds tend to romanticize the past, forgetting about the challenges and hardships we faced. Additionally, our parents or grandparents might have regaled us with tales of how they could buy a full meal for a few cents, adding to the allure of the past.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Another factor contributing to this belief is the perception of higher purchasing power. The Philippine peso had more value decades ago compared to today. It's true that the peso's purchasing power was stronger in the past, but simply converting prices without considering inflation does not give us an accurate picture.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><h2 style="text-align: justify;">The 'Mandela Effect'</h2><div style="text-align: justify;">Before we dive into the comparison of prices, let's take a moment to talk about the <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nVjq7SA0-YU">"Mandela Effect."</a> This is a psychological phenomenon where a large group of people believe in a false memory or alternate reality. One of the most famous examples is the belief that Nelson Mandela died in the 1980s when, in reality, he passed away in 2013. Similarly, people often remember things as cheaper in the past than they actually were.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The "Mandela Effect" plays a role in our perception of the past, leading us to believe that everything was more affordable than it truly was. It's essential to recognize this cognitive bias when discussing the cost of living in different eras.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><h2 style="text-align: justify;">How Inflation Works</h2><div style="text-align: justify;">To accurately compare the cost of living in different time periods, we need to understand inflation. Inflation is the gradual increase in the prices of goods and services over time, resulting in a decrease of purchasing power of a currency. As inflation rises, each unit of currency buys fewer goods and services.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><img alt="" data-original-height="371" data-original-width="951" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgMpGAvAsaxVt86AuHtNEqachPQXGEz09CSXI8BE5HdkMoClM3lATn8VbFsSm2qp_K03MBzM_VbXS5krbGT-tEDB8p4EKOOqHzLeubfy779T05YV680TEc9hfn_Q0ded-DzE9dzdS8DWyv66iZ-xjAgYCIxux8HS-zM9Tw7bzLaMRegJ7RvdRI9EAnyx5Wq=w640-h250" width="640" /></div><br />Computing inflation is a complex task, but economists use various methods to measure it accurately. The most common approach is the Consumer Price Index (CPI), which tracks the changes in the prices of a basket of goods and services commonly consumed by households. By comparing the CPI of different years, we can determine the inflation rate and adjust historical prices to their equivalent value in today's currency.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Every product and service has its own inflation rate so that means some do get more expensive over time than others. Apart from non-essential consumer products, fish and seafood are the ones that do get more expensive over time with a 12% inflation followed by vegetables at 10%. While it is true that people are earning more than what their parents or grandparents did. There are other factors that come into play so there are things where you can get a bang for your buck but there others that are totally rip you off.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><h2 style="text-align: justify;">Comparative Prices</h2><div style="text-align: justify;">Let's now dive into the comparison of prices for common Philippine goods in various decades. Keep in mind that the following figures have been adjusted for inflation, giving us a fair assessment of the real cost. Prices are based on the figures provided in advertisements from old newspapers and magazines. As inflation started to rise only in 1960 when the exchange rate has become officially available with <a href="https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/philippines/exchange-rate-against-usd#:~:text=Key%20information%20about%20Philippines%20Exchange%20Rate%20against%20USD&text=Philippines%20Exchange%20Rate%20against%20USD%20data%20is%20updated%20monthly%2C%20available,of%202.000%20in%20Jan%201962.">$1.00 = Php 2.00</a>, we have to extrapolate the possible exchange rate from 1900-1959 as there were no official historical data covering the time period.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><h3 style="text-align: justify;">The 1900s-1920s</h3><div style="text-align: justify;">Just as we transitioned to buying American consumer goods brought by them into the country, inflation has not kicked in yet. The peso was still pegged in with the US dollar ($1.00 = Php 1.00) so whatever the purchasing value of the latter is somewhat similar to the peso. However, there is income disparity in the colony as compared with those in the US mainland as an average Filipino would earn less than an average American would have earned at that time.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Let's compare the prices then:</div><h4 style="text-align: justify;"><b>a. <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1uBAFPpmAn2xl1hVhDNNkdZu3BKXTMzm3/view">Nueva Fuerza ("Bag-ong Kusog") newspaper</a> - <a href="https://www.officialdata.org/us/inflation/1915?amount=0.03">Php 0.03 (1915)</a> = ~Php 50.54 (2023)</b></h4><div style="text-align: justify;">By comparison, leading newspapers that we can buy today range from Php 10 to Php 25. That's about half the price of the newspaper back in the day. However, <a href="https://www.sunstar.com.ph/about-sunstar">Cebu's leading newspaper Sunstar</a> listed it's cover price way below that.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><img alt="" data-original-height="289" data-original-width="499" height="371" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiG2jt8SVsxnQs48WUlFOQOLOekHEMkb0mBjJkvT83cDbR0jZchdU2CqqfPm2uNv7K5t8_Eh45oiVaJSmzE5Mqh5etF8TS7LJ89n3qJC4UC9hHRsXGR707QuySVXg3c1EQoLML5Zjz9Ykgnt2rEoldQY9PzhILJYjGUYr0lxDmJlg0FQc5yP6o4n_E8I_ws=w640-h371" width="640" /></div><br /></div><h4 style="text-align: justify;">b. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodak_Brownie">Kodak Brownie Camera</a> - <a href="https://www.officialdata.org/us/inflation/1915?amount=1.50">Php 1.50 (1915)</a> = ~Php 2,516.45 (2023)</h4><div style="text-align: justify;">Just as personal photography started to take off, the Brownie has been the most highly-sought camera in the market at that time. It may look as if it's affordable by most Cebuanos but it's actually expensive. Nowadays, the adjusted price is as expensive as it was a century ago. In fact, an average disposable film camera from Kodak in 2023 would be priced from Php 850 to Php 1,000.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><img alt="" data-original-height="726" data-original-width="1471" height="316" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiiRGWPZ5CjTfoXOz7VbgYq_bQZtU1-tt07NlVVCL2Wj3EIJx1tS3XcHxNGaQCjSj2kCG6tNqASZgnwk2H54i3D9wL49gaF5EWANxykhXnuuw6HOQ8iYRPuaENBE80vlfJVpSN6xP3umUcRHgAuY9sR1vt-P1hllrDGIZP3bg3djftJij1QKx_2cMrdTuF0=w640-h316" width="640" /></div><br /></div><h4 style="text-align: justify;">c. "Mazda" 100-watt light bulb - <a href="https://www.officialdata.org/us/inflation/1915?amount=1.75">Php 1.75 (1915)</a> = ~Php 2,936.32 (2023)</h4><div style="text-align: justify;">A century ago, most Cebuanos were still using candles and oil lamps to light up their houses so the idea of buying a light bulb, let alone getting connected to the electric grid, is not common. It is interesting to know that the power utility (Visayan Electric Company) was the one selling these light bulbs as there were no cheap alternatives at that time. Although the prices have dropped, only the rich can afford electric lighting when light bulbs are even more expensive than the Kodak camera! But as with any technology, prices go down in time when mass production became more common today. These days, an average 100-watt LED bulb would go for about Php 180 to Php 350.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><img alt="" data-original-height="252" data-original-width="496" height="325" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhwGQFL1VtynU9U1KxrPXd_dAxWPaluefPB20OJ0LAmS-tc9D2PXsWXKEeRgCI0AAJfZSToMJ_HGsngP4yE12KkK5RiCmH5Y1AoGTp9P4H9c96apejvC_2R3H_uarZsg6FVe8FNAZ8OU7QEYPKAmyuxa4iK_aLEm1EF7hwL2guW0Fd3dygD5HOgBosN47YH=w640-h325" width="640" /></div><br /></div><h4 style="text-align: justify;"><b>d. Funeral car rental - <a href="https://www.officialdata.org/us/inflation/1915?amount=10">Php 10.00 (1915)</a> = ~Php 16,777.63 (2023)</b></h4><div style="text-align: justify;">Known as 'automovil funebre,' this hearse rental service was offered by The Fashion Stables along <a href="https://www.istoryadista.net/2020/06/going-around-cebus-spanish-era-streets.html">Calle Magallanes</a>. Their advertisement mentioned that they have significantly reduced the price for the rental in that month (June 1915). To add context to the ad, it may indicate that the tremendous death toll brought by cholera epidemics and outbreaks may already have subsided. However, <a href="https://www.istoryadista.net/2021/03/1918-year-spanish-flu-reached-cebu.html">the Spanish flu</a> would have occurred a few years later and the cost of transportation for the dead may skyrocket by then. Nowadays, it's already included in some funeral services but seeing the rental price in 2023 would seem reasonable but still higher than you might expect.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><img alt="" data-original-height="466" data-original-width="737" height="405" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj9H_XSFijl3Vh4pkFVJ_L8gGj-RxmgsTasn-mqGvA1mGVQrc9AWInj-N1OcJJixoOB6eMfyqOEtZ2gA1risKp7Vts0HPzWxfLCDmVXvCG3G53AnSzBOv3dF2AlU6L8FGzndPavDDFQfCMH9S1hxuMKtrysGz_2edeeORHPmSmpZQ9nQ3ZLuXQpDKZEmbPe=w640-h405" width="640" /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><h4><b>e. Fordson tractor - <a href="https://www.officialdata.org/us/inflation/1920?amount=3100">Php 3,100.00 (1920)</a> = ~Php </b><span style="text-align: left;"><b>2,626,520.63 (2023)</b></span></h4></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div>Kuenzle & Streiff Inc. is selling a Fordson tractor from the Manila Trading & Supply Co. for Php 3,100. They advertised it as the only efficient tractor that is economical and easy to operate. There's no need for expert mechanics. The question is, how can farmers afford such a modern tractor? Rich landowners may probably get one for their farms.</div><div><br /></div><div>Fordson was a brand name for tractors and trucks. It was used on a range of mass-produced general-purpose tractors manufactured by Henry Ford & Son Inc from 1917 to 1920, by Ford Motor Company and Ford Motor Company Ltd from 1920 to 1928, and by Ford Motor Company Ltd from 1929 to 1964.</div><div><br /></div><div>Interestingly, there are old and refurbished functioning Fordsons <a href="https://www.ebay.com/itm/225608664548?hash=item34875305e4:g:KLwAAOSw7iNkgNqn">sold or auctioned for at least the same price</a> as it was a century ago!</div><div><br /></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><img alt="" data-original-height="606" data-original-width="1019" height="380" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgvFDSrcOGiD39fWFjdqibwtTJpVlrwAqCbS7x-PXgnoFagvsHCCVfz5fBhsDcN3vSKo47eOCTl3Ng7xvKgQEdhYMRUB9q9g_3GxEHNpmV4Y0767nWK33Ika2osLBj5jkBsZDhTp6yBr-aJxxl4gZPLDrvYt7udoXsruaTOW3YqomRqoqbftAjolpuMhnry=w640-h380" width="640" /></div><br /><h4><b>f. Assorted Merchandise </b></h4></div><div><div>The Bombay Visayan is one Indian-owned shop was selling a variety of merchandise in Cebu City. They posted the prices of their products in an advertisement where they gave out big discounts of as much as 50% off. Here are some interesting products that stood out:</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Branded Shoes - Php 8.00 (1920) = ~Php 6,777.92 (2023)</b></div><div><b>Phonograph - Php 30.00 (1920) = ~Php 25,417.75 (2023)</b></div><div><b>Slippers - Php 0.60 (1920) = ~Php 508.18 (2023)</b></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><img alt="" data-original-height="448" data-original-width="1141" height="252" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhrvhMTkLT4H5PkQsnmcji7-aRZrY5Ih9DmawLuTqCzVbD8Pa6DuK5mWywjUKNf5dXXjP43iKpCNzFXMEi-lgML4iGrkxZHUhcUky5dUrGphsHX5lUA-rYZq-BBE_7iCzl4cCDouXTpUsixDwaejIxr9Mu1Ulx3P4caV-sKmddUJ_FG3uf3jdGGJCP_dGIZ=w640-h252" width="640" /></div><br /></div><h4><b>g. Automobile tires - Php 44.50 - Php 101.70 (1920) = ~Php 37,703.42 - Php 86,166.87 (2023)</b></h4><div><div>The McClean Auto Tires was selling new automobile tires for Php 44.50 to Php 101.70 in those times considering car ownership is still reserved for the rich and powerful. Imagine that price in today's money! Nowadays, <a href="https://philkotse.com/car-buying-and-selling/tire-price-list-in-the-philippines-a-quick-guide-6827">new branded tires</a> would cost you as low as Php 3,800.00 for a Yokohama 175/70 R13 82T and as high as Php 52,747 for a Michelin Pilot Sport 4 S.</div></div><div><br /></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><img alt="" data-original-height="433" data-original-width="478" height="580" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgGmcI4CxLhkRUkQXoU-a4R-Uj9Y6NvN6p4YthCHXjyLAALsnF-atIW_v301iNtzkcCPdjGhwMdd3lOL-A5HZohpg5Hsd6csnGOvh9NPBN3E-fzEiU2BUdFeqYVkUhcWs5QONDiUPY4pBSCT-2BVkqhoewJELj84WskgsPY9RN2Shl61VZhUQM02uXH4JJr=w640-h580" width="640" /></div><br /></div><h3>The 1930s</h3></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Ah, the pre-World War II era. Many people might think that living in the 1930s was incredibly cheap. However, when we adjust prices for inflation, we find that things were not as affordable as they might seem. Remember, it was a year into the Great Depression and so, the Philippines was not immune to the impact of the economic downturn ravaging the United States and elsewhere in the industrialized world.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">For example, a loaf of bread, which might have cost around 10 centavos back then, would be equivalent to around Php 90 today. While it might not be too expensive, it's certainly not as cheap as a few coins. We can extrapolate that the exchange rate would be $1.00 = Php 1.25 during this decade.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><h4 style="text-align: justify;"><b>a. <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1VGpR0YrMmFHJes7dAnPnhKreaAqJNlBJ/view">Bag-ong Kusog newspaper</a> - <a href="https://www.officialdata.org/us/inflation/1930?amount=0.10">Php 0.12 (1930)</a> = ~Php </b><span style="text-align: left;"><b>101.64 (2023)</b></span></h4><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: left;">As the newspaper shifted from a Spanish-language publication to solely Cebuano, Bag-ong Kusog has gained a much larger readership by then thereby making the price point more competitive, from 3 centavos to 12 centavos, than before. It is obvious from the number of advertisements that you can see on every page.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><img alt="" data-original-height="431" data-original-width="637" height="434" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhhtkVfAdRhHghup4RY-ky9_OgPaATe-QHCQaJ8EEg2p6bnZaN9vNS9lY7NW1ieD7O-5mCiu44aEhsbc9WwBtncqtKgbCVbEBiQ7Kl85x4rfrY8BRJIuaXdkok898vgB9oPqvLAwrOljYddgL_FPn3wLuvokI8HiJxMr22wQe6sIjx6a8xtF32AcLWe4xpr=w640-h434" width="640" /></div><br /><h4>b. Crescent bicycles - <a href="https://www.officialdata.org/us/inflation/1930?amount=96">Php 120.00</a> - <a href="https://www.officialdata.org/us/inflation/1930?amount=112">Php 140.00 (1930)</a> = ~Php 97,410.09 - Php 113,645.10 (2023)</h4></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Who would have thought that foreign-branded bicycles would cost this much during the 1930s? Well, we can't blame Visayan Hardware & Electrical Supply to give discounts on these expensive goods especially when everyone is feeling the money crunch from the Great Depression. The Swedish bicycle brand Crescent started producing these bikes in 1908 in Chicago, Illinois where Western Wheel Works manufactured bikes with the same brand.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">If you want to get an imported, high-quality bicycle these days, the price would probably be the same as it <a href="https://iprice.ph/action-sports/bicycles/">ranges from as low as Php 3,000 to as high as Php 90,000</a>!</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><img alt="" data-original-height="549" data-original-width="612" height="573" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiR-c9vGICTjfDal9ets6_Kz2mneJ1KU_SVz5WTfQEUDDggKmCVgaN2hv-aKiVUh3YSPKi45EhuB2rXUpXoICiBVczdfFdTb2iEoJFwSZHx9MVif-6JSS0dfzVr3OfLIpIwiPc555y4_ifFW1R1icr1gF3bZCgjli8J2tQYBuZ4JGi7w-TyraMZe96TUbhL=w640-h573" width="640" /></div><br /><h4>c. Saint Mary's Hall monthly rent - <a href="https://www.officialdata.org/us/inflation/1930?amount=16">Php 20.00 (1930)</a> = ~Php 16,235.01 (2023)</h4></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div>This female students' dormitory is just a few steps away from the Cebu High School, Cebu Normal School, and City Intermediate School. It's advertised as an up-to-date accommodation for young ladies looking for modern convenience with the care and comfort of a first-class home. The average monthly rent for female dormitories in that area today ranges from as low as Php 3,500 to as high as Php 10,000.</div><div><br /></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><img alt="" data-original-height="405" data-original-width="823" height="315" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEigojJ4Y3DiAFEcoYdtymV-e0NQB0v8is2mwCPUq0YmWIXi5oHZt0FnQD0z5cr3-Lc6Uxpns9F08XNLkyj12cKASjYBDVFHkYnstMJ_tEkU8ve0vx23qGDxmzr30B8kEMqnB8Q3Z0pJ1ThthS8DJ6cg6qyhS6rPmpmyCzV75a49WsObmZjHqsaOs1k55BJj" width="640" /></div><br /><h4>d. Basketball - <a href="https://www.officialdata.org/us/inflation/1930?amount=9.60">Php 12.00 (1930)</a> = ~Php 9,740.90 (2023)</h4></div><div>Love to play basketball? We'll the manufacturing process of making basketball was different so it's not surprising that a simple basketball would cost you a lot more money. Even if the Palace of Sporting Goods is the leading store in Cebu City at that time, the price is quite high because they put a premium on quality. Basketballs were mostly hand-made then using actual leather and not cheaper and stronger synthetic materials. Nevertheless, getting a popular basketball brand would cost you Php 5,000 - Php 7,000 for a Nike ball and Php 1,700 - Php 3,000 for a Molten ball.</div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="455" data-original-width="795" height="366" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfUcWqxxTlU17gw-f6G2sakUNxJ39SLMnOgzOHbUDvOpL8TH46xTSGBg8GKf7kKfiU62Mj45bqE-e_LRKG1hhvXVz-wKl0Z-nQ3HT7bjZqH7e65hnQkD8NVYTUPQ0rC1Bakcpb-27H0ivsUhbKplBSretaGpOMBnHUMG2eO9SCXjPID_hPKgyJFKmhGrpI/w640-h366/image_2023-08-05_134716479.png" width="640" /></div><div><br /></div></div><h3 style="text-align: justify;">The 1940s</h3><div style="text-align: justify;">The 1940s were a time of rebuilding after the war, and inflation was a significant concern. Prices of basic goods increased, and while some might have remained relatively stable, they were still not as cheap as we'd like to believe. For instance, a gallon of gasoline that might have cost 25 centavos would be equivalent to around Php 200 today. It's not a price that breaks the bank, but it's far from pocket change. We can extrapolate that the exchange rate would be $1.00 = Php 1.50 during this decade.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><h4 style="text-align: justify;">a. Philco Radio - <a href="https://www.officialdata.org/us/inflation/1941?amount=36">Php 54.00 (1941)</a> = ~Php 41,498.92 (2023)</h4><div style="text-align: justify;">Since television was not yet common, radio ruled the airwaves but owning Philco-Tropic 705-C can be a status symbol if you want something of quality from the most popular department store of that time - Heacocks. So the question is, would you buy one at that price tag?</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="821" data-original-width="667" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSRdyoosdl9gECvzc936Cxr7cycHEHiV7SdduNffAchklsjzNyvfM-12CaQENWwru7XkwYZSc3WD7SNVUU4B0vDpndhYDJCm_fTj-ZK9LAL32OoJttzSpL1UZl6w3B8BdTOF3lSBeLuBziwov15A6bz6dBG4iqrF5Yk5qUqOwHjXWYbIS2xaE_7G2vH8OL/w520-h640/image_2023-08-05_140726859.png" width="520" /></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><b style="text-align: left;">b. Pioneer Press newspaper - <a href="https://www.officialdata.org/us/inflation/1946?amount=0.13">Php 0.20 (1946)</a> = ~Php </b><span style="text-align: left;"><b>112.74 (2023)</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: left;">The war has just ended and there was a scarcity of basic goods and resources so it's not surprising that even buying a newspaper would cost this much in 2023 money. There was a paper ration throughout the war and after that so publishers have to put a higher price to sustain their operations. In fact, they limited the publication to only 5,000 copies with half being sent to neighboring islands and Mindanao.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: left;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><img alt="" data-original-height="957" data-original-width="1320" height="464" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEisF_EC0Wo-VGaPKfozXzJrvU2Akp89XyYN9BHjhCv_cT46XR5jeTjNBwZNhffEJoaiM3vHsyhOxN8YIYwWcI0SHXDzbgi24TGkjskaUzcJ2Vm6EuAGq09WOSjlLe8x5xpGQt5ldCvoHO69xAym8PzwCY4N1LYO9LiIQkIpKeKocW-qw6a_jHgOAEqwV_u2=w640-h464" width="640" /></div><br /></span><h4><span style="text-align: left;">c. Philippine Airlines Fares</span></h4></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: left;">It is interesting to see the advertised rates for Philippine Airlines for those looking to travel from Cebu to Manila, Legaspi, Tacloban, and Tagbilaran. They resumed flights just after the war was over and the country gained complete independence from the United States. It's surprising that the fare for Cebu to Tagbilaran, which was the cheapest in 1946, is actually more expensive than its 2023 inflation-adjusted rate.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: left;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: left;"><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;">Cebu-Manila - <a href="https://www.officialdata.org/us/inflation/1946?amount=50">Php 75.00 (1946)</a> = ~Php 43,449.43 (2023)* = Php 7,164.00 (actual)**</div><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;">Cebu-Legaspi - <a href="https://www.officialdata.org/us/inflation/1946?amount=30">Php 45.00 (1946)</a> = ~Php 26,069.77 (2023)* = Php 13,268.00 (actual)**</div><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;">Cebu-Tacloban - <a href="https://www.officialdata.org/us/inflation/1946?amount=20">Php 30.00 (1946)</a> = ~Php 17,379.66 (2023)* = Php 4,907.00 (actual)**</div><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;">Cebu-Tagbilaran - <a href="https://www.officialdata.org/us/inflation/1946?amount=6.13">Php 9.20 (1946)</a> = ~Php 5,326.70 (2023)* = Php 11,102.00 (actual)**</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><i>* - inflation-adjusted</i></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><i>** - as of writing</i></div><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><img alt="" data-original-height="639" data-original-width="515" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEg_4T4A7C5H2BS9G51LGtce7r1VcUv0OnxI3PiBI_0-2FWJVJ5WQiFDFMWGuzuXf5jKZDPRE6MHvNMSJ455QWAxEqHwP7HRaqrYcPJhivb6ylHM3a2VDrnfLQMPa2xs_cmqLTIae2xkXYZu5Qvr_GpgOhFAhEOHy3_lCy14vSU5BLDEg9VZGT4jcxrQEmaQ=w515-h640" width="515" /></div><br /></div></span></div><h3 style="text-align: justify;">The 1950s</h3><div style="text-align: justify;">The post-war era saw an improvement in the Philippine economy, but inflation continued to influence prices. A bottle of soft drink, which could have been purchased for 20 centavos, would be about Php 120 today. So, even in the relatively prosperous 1950s, things were not as cheap as the "Mandela Effect" might suggest. We can extrapolate that the exchange rate would be $1.00 = Php 1.75 during this decade.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><h4 style="text-align: justify;">a. Philippine Airlines Fares</h4><div style="text-align: justify;">By the 1950s, Philippine Airlines has started to offer more destinations for those looking to travel to different cities in the country. Since there are no promo fares and budget airfares then, it's not a surprise that you are paying a premium for that kind of transport. At that time, the Lahug Airport was still in operation and their main ticketing office can be found at the Sto. Niño Building. It is interesting to note, there were flights going to Daet, Guian, Jolo, Masbate, and Naga at that time.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Cebu-Manila - </b><a href="https://www.officialdata.org/us/inflation/1949?amount=39.77" style="font-weight: bold;">Php 69.60 (1949)</a><b> = ~Php 28,315.75 (2023)* = Php </b><span style="font-weight: 700;">7,164.00</span><b> (actual)**</b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Cebu-Bacolod - </b><a href="https://www.officialdata.org/us/inflation/1949?amount=7.77" style="font-weight: bold;">Php 13.60 (1949)</a><b> = ~Php 5,532.19 (2023)* = Php 4,347.00 (actual)**</b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Cebu-Cagayan - </b><a href="https://www.officialdata.org/us/inflation/1949?amount=16.34" style="font-weight: bold;">Php 28.60 (1949)</a><b> = ~Php 11,633.65 (2023)* = Php 3,190.00 (actual)**</b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Cebu-Capiz - </b><a href="https://www.officialdata.org/us/inflation/1949?amount=17.37" style="font-weight: bold;">Php 30.40 (1949)</a><b> = ~Php 12,367.31 (2023)* = Php 11,140.00 (actual)**</b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Cebu-Cotabato - </b><a href="https://www.officialdata.org/us/inflation/1949?amount=26.97" style="font-weight: bold;">Php 47.20 (1949)</a><b> = ~Php 19,202.44 (2023)* = No Flights Available</b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Cebu-Daet - </b><a href="https://www.officialdata.org/us/inflation/1949?amount=39.09" style="font-weight: bold;">Php 68.40 (1949)</a><b> = ~Php 27,831.45 (2023)* = No Flights Exist</b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Cebu-Davao - </b><a href="https://www.officialdata.org/us/inflation/1949?amount=29.60" style="font-weight: bold;">Php 51.80 (1949)</a><b> = ~Php 21,074.64 (2023)* = Php 16,179.00 (actual)**</b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Cebu-Dipolog - </b><a href="https://www.officialdata.org/us/inflation/1949?amount=14.74" style="font-weight: bold;">Php 25.80 (1949)</a><b> = ~Php 10,494.55 (2023)* = Php 17,874.00 (actual)** </b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Cebu-Dumaguete - </b><a href="https://www.officialdata.org/us/inflation/1949?amount=8.91" style="font-weight: bold;">Php 15.60 (1949)</a><b> = ~Php 6,343.61 (2023)* = Php 8,589.00 (actual)**</b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Cebu-Guian - </b><a href="https://www.officialdata.org/us/inflation/1949?amount=16.80" style="font-weight: bold;">Php 29.40 (1949)</a><b> = ~Php 11,961.33 (2023)* = No Flights Exist</b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Cebu-Iloilo - </b><a href="https://www.officialdata.org/us/inflation/1949?amount=10.97" style="font-weight: bold;">Php 19.20 (1949)</a><b> = ~Php 7,810.38 (2023)* = Php 2,555.00 (actual)**</b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Cebu-Jolo - <a href="https://www.officialdata.org/us/inflation/1949?amount=41.83">Php 73.20 (1949)</a> = ~Php 29,782.52 (2023)* = No Flights Exist</b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Cebu-Koronadal - </b><a href="https://www.officialdata.org/us/inflation/1949?amount=38.17" style="font-weight: bold;">Php 66.80 (1949)</a><b> = ~Php 27,176.65 (2023)* = No Flights Exist</b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Cebu-Legaspi - </b><a href="https://www.officialdata.org/us/inflation/1949?amount=29.26" style="font-weight: bold;">Php 51.20 (1949)</a><b> = ~Php 20,832.49 (2023)* = Php </b><span style="font-weight: 700;">13,268.00</span><b> (actual)**</b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Cebu-Masbate - </b><a href="https://www.officialdata.org/us/inflation/1949?amount=25.14" style="font-weight: bold;">Php 44.00 (1949)</a><b> = ~Php 17,899.50 (2023)* = No Flights Exist</b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Cebu-Naga - </b><a href="https://www.officialdata.org/us/inflation/1949?amount=34.17" style="font-weight: bold;">Php 59.80 (1949)</a><b> = ~Php 24,328.64 (2023)* = No Flights Exist</b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Cebu-Tacloban - </b><a href="https://www.officialdata.org/us/inflation/1949?amount=11.09" style="font-weight: bold;">Php 19.40 (1949)</a><b> = ~Php 7,895.91 (2023)* = Php </b><span style="font-weight: 700;">4,907.00</span><b> (actual)**</b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Cebu-Tagbilaran - </b><a href="https://www.officialdata.org/us/inflation/1949?amount=5.26" style="font-weight: bold;">Php 9.20 (1949)</a><b> = ~Php 3,744.96 (2023)* = Php </b><span style="font-weight: 700;">11,102.00</span><b> (actual)**</b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Cebu- Zamboanga - </b><a href="https://www.officialdata.org/us/inflation/1949?amount=31.31" style="font-weight: bold;">Php 54.80 (1949)</a><b> = ~Php 22,292.04 (2023)* = Php 5,260.00 (actual)**</b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><i>* - inflation-adjusted</i></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><i>** - as of writing</i></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><i><br /></i></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="566" data-original-width="467" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUptxg6Sy0eIKaPSTst53V4NYSchbdxYAdIUTULGV0gdPs237KYtitYJ12gi5ktz1IUFWUP7zhGzYoXypUIRrkOFa22nZxNO6JcFqdEv0Z_wECgeO9CWsXBVY7qlwC325ZjiSL00aYFYj7kD0SBtaIKcra9gd7FQHa59x8jE7w77pGKEZMS78UDe6b71QG/w528-h640/image_2023-08-06_144927832.png" width="528" /></div><i><br /></i></div><h3 style="text-align: justify;">The 1960s</h3><div style="text-align: justify;">The 1960s were a time of growth and development, with various industries flourishing. Despite this, prices of many goods remained higher than we'd expected. A kilogram of rice, which might have cost 30 centavos, would be roughly Php 300 today. That's certainly not something you'd expect to buy with spare change.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><h4 style="text-align: justify;">a. The Republic News - Php 0.10 (1961) = ~Php 14.23 (2023)</h4><div style="text-align: justify;">The Republic News was once a leading newspaper in Cebu City during that time.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="458" data-original-width="768" height="382" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCqneoD7UQbeoTzQ3L6xqO0olJM2xnuXmTu6rZT3fC016Bgpb_0poHxBbsn8b12b5HOLmNwAxhKrIc_-ON3AitPio4xh2cUGVmNscORT4ljx0gx6NdsE2bjanB3E63h5e7_2gzMuHWQSLyL_6V0enRkXhc2IXdM9o2iJo1X_15UJuPs8XoJFg4NmxpmQLj/w640-h382/image_2023-08-06_164553285.png" width="640" /></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><h3 style="text-align: justify;">The 1970s</h3><div style="text-align: justify;">In the 1970s, inflation soared, impacting the cost of living significantly. The price of basic commodities skyrocketed, making it a challenging time for many families. For example, a pair of rubber slippers that might have been priced at 70 centavos would cost around Php 430 today. Definitely not a cheap bargain!</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><h4 style="text-align: justify;">a. The Freeman Newspaper - Php 0.15 (1970) = ~Php 14.50 (2023) = <a href="https://files.magzter.com/resize/magazine/1589965239/1677618952/view/3.jpg">Php 8.00 (Actual)</a></h4><div style="text-align: justify;">The Freeman is a daily English-language newspaper published in Cebu, Philippines. It is the longest-running newspaper in Cebu, first published on May 10, 1919.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="834" data-original-width="1241" height="430" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6P-FFjEuGn7OIhqHTKhMOnDR_CfhJJoJ-WwNu1iZeHU4v9e_jb3ceQfCZVQ6JSLqZFI1fKfUy3VHxhDCk44DdWqZNyejkJ9HRRVMxVX45qKb1G_iiDViYnh3x2rFFhVddCvje5CDo7iszyL-qYsFFRDalYWDeDSl_dPBtutYyRwOcHNuVvIPODEAE13Xs/w640-h430/image_2023-08-06_163854508.png" width="640" /></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><h4 style="text-align: justify;">b. Payday Sale (Consumer Goods)</h4><div style="text-align: justify;"><div>One page of the Manila Times features a price list of common grocery goods sold at the Queen's Supermart in 1971. The "Araw ng Sweldo" promotion showcased payday specials for the following products (still available today):</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Dutch Baby evaporated milk - Php 0.90 (1971) = ~Php 76.07 (2023)* = <a href="https://buyeasy.com/product/condensed-milk-12x14-oz-396-g-4/">Php 218.27 (actual)**</a></b></div><div><b>Dutch Baby powdered milk - Php 16.99 (1971) = ~Php 1,435.89 (2023)* = <a href="https://www.degrocery.com/product/dutch-baby-0-12-months-milk-powder-850g/">Php 457.23 (actual)**</a></b></div><div><b>Birch Tree powdered milk - Php 16.34 (1971) = ~Php 1,380.95 (2023)* = <a href="https://www.lazada.com.ph/products/birch-tree-fortified-1kg-i873224769-s2769608850.html?c=&channelLpJumpArgs=&clickTrackInfo=query%253A%253Bnid%253A873224769%253Bsrc%253ALazadaMainSrp%253Brn%253A7a7d685ff84aa4de15a6bbff1d897f95%253Bregion%253Aph%253Bsku%253A873224769_PH%253Bprice%253A296.18%253Bclient%253Adesktop%253Bsupplier_id%253A500159556001%253Bpromotion_biz%253A%253Basc_category_id%253A24528%253Bitem_id%253A873224769%253Bsku_id%253A2769608850%253Bshop_id%253A974169&fastshipping=0&freeshipping=0&fs_ab=2&fuse_fs=1&lang=en&location=Bulacan&price=296.18&priceCompare=&ratingscore=4.95083932853717&request_id=7a7d685ff84aa4de15a6bbff1d897f95&review=1276&sale=6096&search=1&source=search&spm=a2o4l.searchlistcategory.list.12&stock=1">Php 296.18 (actual)**</a></b></div><div><b>Pelargon - Php 13.19 (1971) = ~Php 1,114.73 (2023)* = <a href="https://www.hoodmarket.com/products/copy-of-nestle-nan-pelargon-2-900g">Php 915.16 (actual)**</a></b></div><div><b>Sustagen - Php 23.35 (1971) = ~Php 1,973.39 (2023)* = <a href="https://www.watsons.com.ph/premium-milk-900g/p/BP_50018181">Php 1,769.50 (actual)**</a></b></div><div><b>Ovaltine - Php 3.87 (1971) = ~Php 327.06 (2023)* = <a href="https://www.ubuy.com.ph/product/G4IYXWMG-nestle-foods-ovaltine-chocolate-malt-12-oz">Php 1,152.00 (actual)**</a></b></div><div><b>Nescafe - Php 8.63 (1971) = ~Php 729.34 (2023)* = <a href="https://www.lazada.com.ph/products/nescafe-classic-decaf-instant-coffee-160g-i387200329-s885834946.html?c=&channelLpJumpArgs=&clickTrackInfo=query%253Adecaf%252Bnescafe%253Bnid%253A387200329%253Bsrc%253ALazadaMainSrp%253Brn%253Ad078a5a02f20e01371723365281e0a5b%253Bregion%253Aph%253Bsku%253A387200329_PH%253Bprice%253A192%253Bclient%253Adesktop%253Bsupplier_id%253A1000229478%253Bpromotion_biz%253A%253Basc_category_id%253A25151%253Bitem_id%253A387200329%253Bsku_id%253A885834946%253Bshop_id%253A448106&fastshipping=0&freeshipping=0&fs_ab=2&fuse_fs=1&lang=en&location=Laguna&price=192&priceCompare=&ratingscore=4.937947494033413&request_id=d078a5a02f20e01371723365281e0a5b&review=419&sale=2269&search=1&source=search&spm=a2o4l.searchlist.list.2&stock=1">Php 192.00 (actual)**</a></b></div><div><b>Del Monte Pineapple Juice - Php 2.79 (1971) = ~Php 235.80 (2023)* = <a href="https://www.lazada.com.ph/products/del-monte-pineapple-juice-with-vitamins-a-c-e-1-can-x-136-liters-no-sugar-added-i314950886-s641454383.html?c=&channelLpJumpArgs=&clickTrackInfo=query%253A1%252Bgallon%252Bpineapple%252Bjuice%253Bnid%253A314950886%253Bsrc%253ALazadaMainSrp%253Brn%253A7cd331c560e1291f6b843e9ff1af38c1%253Bregion%253Aph%253Bsku%253A314950886_PH%253Bprice%253A145%253Bclient%253Adesktop%253Bsupplier_id%253A100135452%253Bpromotion_biz%253A%253Basc_category_id%253A24538%253Bitem_id%253A314950886%253Bsku_id%253A641454383%253Bshop_id%253A148379&fastshipping=0&freeshipping=0&fs_ab=2&fuse_fs=0&lang=en&location=Cavite&price=145&priceCompare=&ratingscore=5.0&request_id=7cd331c560e1291f6b843e9ff1af38c1&review=6&sale=34&search=1&source=search&spm=a2o4l.searchlist.list.14&stock=1">~Php 362.50 (actual)**</a></b></div><div><b>Safeguard - Php 1.67 (1971) = ~Php 141.14 (2023)* = <a href="https://www.lazada.com.ph/products/safeguard-barsoap-white-85g-3s-i3329200903-s16919590512.html?c=&channelLpJumpArgs=&clickTrackInfo=query%253A%253Bnid%253A3329200903%253Bsrc%253ALazadaMainSrp%253Brn%253Ab1505ed08fb909988b2d4bddfda2d111%253Bregion%253Aph%253Bsku%253A3329200903_PH%253Bprice%253A115%253Bclient%253Adesktop%253Bsupplier_id%253A8859%253Bpromotion_biz%253A%253Basc_category_id%253A25122%253Bitem_id%253A3329200903%253Bsku_id%253A16919590512%253Bshop_id%253A1231&fastshipping=0&freeshipping=0&fs_ab=2&fuse_fs=1&lang=en&location=Laguna&price=115&priceCompare=&ratingscore=4.9787234042553195&request_id=b1505ed08fb909988b2d4bddfda2d111&review=188&sale=937&search=1&source=search&spm=a2o4l.searchlistcategory.list.20&stock=1">Php 115.00 (actual)**</a></b></div><div><b>Johnson Baby Powder - Php 2.16 (1971) = ~Php 182.55 (2023)* = <a href="https://iprice.ph/johnsons/health/skin-care/powders/">Php 251.00 (actual)**</a></b></div><div><b>Purefoods Spiced Ham - Php 5.75 (1971) = ~Php 485.95 (2023)* = <a href="https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fdeligoodph.com%2Fproducts%2Fpurefoods-sweet-ham-250g&psig=AOvVaw2gQL7W2c-RRBcYMBSWcNq4&ust=1691397049308000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CBMQjhxqFwoTCJCRkZXPx4ADFQAAAAAdAAAAABAF">~Php 904.20 (actual)**</a></b></div><div><div><i>* - inflation-adjusted</i></div><div><i>** - as of writing</i></div></div><div><i><br /></i></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="701" data-original-width="526" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxlRGoZZtwsrRscQzd3jy7_a13D_VZN8-oHwr283J4zuUo9OU6prX-5VswPF-HbAnld5WLYfuqQqIvzWZ_Orh6zOVQfcDkfeojcT5YvSMLQ1qK3v_LRuHHMVGFzxn4dl3KWHIAz_1-qcysApBmyoNGLNeo8suVy1NXl0128Lu97_tolM1xfX8VRf_Oj_F2/w480-h640/image_2023-08-06_154915871.png" width="480" /></div><br /><i><br /></i></div></div><h3 style="text-align: justify;">The 1980s</h3><div style="text-align: justify;">The 1980s were marked by political and economic turbulence, and inflation remained a problem. Many essential goods and services saw a surge in prices. A local newspaper, which might have cost 50 centavos, would be around Php 290 today. Not exactly pocket-friendly, right?</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><h4 style="text-align: justify;">a. The Republic News - Php 1.25 (1984) = ~Php 19.62 (2023)</h4><div style="text-align: justify;">The waning years of the Martial Law era saw a rise in inflation with this particular newspaper issue reaching over Php 1.00!</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1014" data-original-width="700" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuLkJr6aGBaYzm8pmox68XUXdb80jx1TYCqpVxuc_Dhqx3pJS-v5VW6gGFIPxH9NepmRk7xGOGRIFbQX2g4mUNzQXwed8b--W1kol9Y8mDP1pkJL5PMPKPMTDBwbYLjmtoHRzRmTPtHdvpxgmy598HhKf22rt8V7EJb2URMmYa0RYWesa_OY6lWHfm8nrt/w442-h640/image_2023-08-06_165340782.png" width="442" /></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><h3 style="text-align: justify;">The 1990s</h3><div style="text-align: justify;">The 1990s brought some stability to the economy, but inflation was still a factor. The prices of goods and services had increased compared to previous decades. A cinema ticket that could have been purchased for 20 pesos would be roughly Php 70 today, showing that even in the '90s, things were not dirt cheap.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><h4 style="text-align: justify;">a. Jollibee Menu</h4><div style="text-align: justify;">Who doesn't like Jollibee? Pretty sure everyone has grown up loving their Chickenjoy and Yum burger when Mom and Dad brought them to the fast-food joint. When you take a look at the old menu, you're pretty sure about thinking about going back in time to enjoy the "cheap" price of <a href="https://www.jollibeedelivery.com/menu/best-sellers">your favorite value meal</a>. Would you? Well, sorry to burst your bubble but the 90's prices were not what they seem.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div><b><u>Value Meals</u></b></div><div><b>1 Spaghetti - Php 29.00 (1993) = ~Php </b><b>125.83</b><b> (2023) = Php 60.00 (actual)</b></div><div><b>2 Hotdog - Php 29.00 (1993) = ~Php </b><b>125.83</b><b> (2023) = Php 85.00 (actual)</b></div><div><b>3 Regular Yum - Php 29.00 (1993) = ~Php </b><b>125.83</b><b> (2023) = Php 40.00 (actual)</b></div><div><b>4 Burger Steak - Php 29.00 (1993) = ~Php </b><b>125.83</b><b> (2023) = Php 60.00 (actual)</b></div><div><b>5 Chickenjoy - Php 39.00 (1993) = ~Php 169.21 (2023) = Php 82.00 (actual)</b></div><div><b>6 Regular Yum w/ Cheese - Php 39.00 (1993) = ~Php </b><b>169.21</b><b> (2023) = Php 66.00 (actual)</b></div><div><b>7 Spaghetti & Chickenjoy - Php 49.00 (1993) = ~Php 212.61 (2023) = Php 132.00 (actual)</b></div><div><b>8 Champ - Php 59.00 (1993) = ~Php 255.99 (2023) = Php 175.00 (actual)</b></div><div><b><br /></b></div><div><b><u>Breakfast Meals</u></b></div><div><b>1 Pancakes - Php 19.00 (1993) = ~Php 82.43 (2023) = Php 80.00 (actual)</b></div><div><b>2 Hotdogsilog - Php 29.00 (1993) = ~Php 125.83 (2023) = Php 117.00 (actual)</b></div><div><b>3 Longsilog - Php 39.00 (1993) = ~Php </b><b>169.21</b><b> (2023) = Php 164.00 (actual)</b></div><div><b>4 Tapsilog - Php 39.00 (1993) = ~Php </b><b>169.21</b><b> (2023) = Php 164.00 (actual)</b></div><div><b>5 Cornsilog - Php 39.00 (1993) = ~Php </b><b>169.21</b><b> (2023) = Php 164.00 (actual)</b></div><div><i>* - inflation-adjusted</i></div><div><i>** - as of writing</i></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="626" data-original-width="960" height="418" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhVKcLWX7HbZYMbxhUvATCeYjy9MjySyIFaOcV6rktsSk7oZuKIFlpnH2rQaop63SREbFJEzfXWiOcZFSzlIbOmVs47wQTjqK8qXT5wzh_zrHKOUtalL2EikhITpSxe2giYa0h6j8wrABNNEp-htiW3-cZ2cnqGv39YIL4w2M8b2UsyL4-FrTnmNk03GZX/w640-h418/image_2023-08-06_170153874.png" width="640" /></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><h3 style="text-align: justify;">What Was Cheaper in the Past?</h3><div style="text-align: justify;">While it's clear that many things were not as cheap as we might think, there were some items that were relatively more affordable in the past:</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><ul><li>Property prices, especially for land, were considerably lower in the past compared to today. Buying a piece of land or a house was relatively easier on the wallet in earlier decades.</li><li>Some basic services like public transportation and healthcare were less expensive in the past. For instance, a jeepney ride or a consultation with a doctor might have cost significantly less than today.</li></ul></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><h3 style="text-align: justify;">What Was More Expensive in the Past?</h3><div style="text-align: justify;">On the other hand, several things were surprisingly more expensive in the past:</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><ul><li>Electronic gadgets and appliances were luxury items in earlier decades, and their prices were much higher in comparison to their current counterparts.</li><li>Making long-distance calls or sending telegrams used to be a costly affair, unlike today's affordable and instantaneous communication options.</li></ul></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><h1 style="text-align: justify;">Final Thoughts</h1><div style="text-align: justify;">As we debunk the belief that everything was cheap back in the day, it's essential to remember that nostalgia often colors our perceptions. While the purchasing power of the peso was stronger in the past, inflation played a significant role in shaping the cost of living.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Comparing prices over the decades, we can see that many things were not as affordable as we remember them. However, it's essential to acknowledge that there were some aspects, like real estate and certain services, that were relatively more accessible in the past.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">As we continue to move forward in time, it's natural to wonder how future generations will perceive our current era. Will they, too, fall into the trap of the "Mandela Effect," believing that everything was cheaper "back in their day"? Only time will tell.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">So, the next time you find yourself longing for the "good old days," remember that while they might have been filled with charm and nostalgia, they weren't necessarily a paradise of cheap prices. Embrace the present, for it's the only time we truly have, and make the most of what it has to offer.</div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">(to be updated)</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>References:</b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><a href="https://www.worlddata.info/asia/philippines/inflation-rates.php">Inflation Rates in the Philippines</a></b>. World Data Info. (starts in 1960 up to 2023)</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><a href="https://acesubido.net/ph-inflation-calculator/">Philippine Inflation Calculator</a></b>, by Ace Subido. (starts in 1960 up to 2022 only)</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><a href="https://news.abs-cbn.com/pinoyinflationcalculator">Pinoy Inflation Calculator</a></b>. ABS-CBN News. (up to 2018 only)</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1uBAFPpmAn2xl1hVhDNNkdZu3BKXTMzm3/view">Nueva Fuerza.</a></b> January 1915.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Sn0PJh4i72Y0DUDAbVsV61Mcj8OQJBOv/view">Nueva Fuerza.</a></b> January 1920.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1VGpR0YrMmFHJes7dAnPnhKreaAqJNlBJ/view">Bag-ong Kusog</a></b>. January 1930.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1nhgc6iZbFtjGugWtiNwJ6ksbcU0jr3se/view">Bag-ong Kusog</a></b>. November 1941.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><a href="https://archive.cebuanostudiescenter.com/the-pioneer-press/">Pioneer Press.</a></b> April 1946.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1oUv3hG45hak_i0YHRXwsupBVcy6nvTgR/view">Pioneer Press.</a></b> November 1949.</div></div>JP Canonigohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03867309680955928358noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2148827822363692190.post-36064806585902784802023-04-17T10:42:00.002+08:002023-04-30T23:57:24.086+08:00Serendipity is a Magical Word<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="800" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkn-XTwDMrSKWQM8CBG6_U4tNZ5Sq1KPDe46tRydZS8SiUnHFuJBhVFbYEN3FCOcKUwMk_I1gLYNJjIdsKNN-dn8Mzp6CtpUh8tqKnfqA7NM5riyGZvLmwydwL6K3vJGLd4VsIXHHK0gUZh6a-p8aT5BGg6jt19Ynsn3EAczjz0gtwFue0Ucl_sZylkg/s16000/serendipity.jpg" width="100%" /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">People may ask, how did you two guys meet?</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">And I say, "through the Internet..."</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">There is utter disbelief in some people while some doubt whether such a relationship would ever work even in today's ever-connected digital age.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">I feel there is still that old-school appeal and romantic allure to it. We're not writing long and winding letters that take a few months to reach each other anymore. But I feel there is that element of excitement and anticipation when I write something to her on the other side of the world.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">How would two people be bound by love even though they have different cultures, languages, and even, personalities to a certain extent?</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">How can this love bloom, grow, and survive from being far apart after all those years?</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Well, there is this one magical word that describes everything in just a few letters - <b>serendipity</b>.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="720" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwa4CRRaHQRotzEaBEFOH1bu-C2xUH7pjMoopFFigSQ9ZCYa6ozPbj_wmPm91nV8UbGL0SYE1zms8R35eQPhX2uv3P_GqWgfMaJodcAmhKp5TO9Nw1W3FlNm7BmPQ5XXiE4sdOVmFOITeyNt0at2NGjhzk3O7aUfatP9rkaV1GvpPXHlubKAIldGrBAw/s16000/image_2023-04-17_103726732.png" width="100%" /></div><br />So why do I say it?</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Well, the word basically means 'an unplanned fortunate discovery.' You may not believe it to be true but we found each other because of that. It all happened because we never expected it to happen and that's the beauty of it. We all have been in love. It may sound cheesy, cliche, and even passe. But it's even better than "love at first sight" as it's something you're not even thinking of.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Think about the movie of <a href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0240890/">John Cusack and Kate Beckinsale</a> on how they ended up getting together by chance. All the things when you least expect end up becoming that 0.00001% probability in life that would come true. They say dreams do come true and I thought it won't ever come...yet I'm starting to believe that I probably will.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">It may not be online dating at first but fast forward for years, and it has evolved to something special that we're on the verge of embarking on a new life journey that brought me to a faraway place and leaves everything behind for something new, exciting, daunting, rewarding, and definitely special all rolled into one. A real fairy tale story? Yes and no.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">There was a 'once upon a time' beginning when a man and a woman from faraway lands (Philippines and Indonesia) got together because of a serendipitous moment. Despite their best efforts to be together, the star-crossed lovers were separated for years not by evil witches or mythical dragons standing in their way but by real life. Yes, real life is in the form of the global pandemic that resulted in the death of millions of people around the world. The same thing virtually blocked any chances of reuniting for a couple of years. Yes, being stuck in limbo is the worse thing that could happen. All that fairy tale ending seems so far away. Yet, there is always that proverbial life at the end of the tunnel. God gave light. And so there was light. Years far away from one another were rewarded with the opportunity to reunite and be with each other, hopefully for good!</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Going back to the word, it was actually coined by <a href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/words-at-play/happy-birthday-serendipity">British author Horace Walpole</a> on January 28, 1754, as he was inspired by an ancient fairy tale <i>"The Three Princes of Serendip,"</i> which was adapted from the poem <i>"Hash-Bihisht."</i> The place is actually the archaic name of modern-day Sri Lanka.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">It may have reminded you of the three kings in the Christian nativity lore but this one is different. It's about the princes who travelled far and wide and ended up discovering new things by accident and sagacity. Interestingly enough, the word has been rarely used as an adjective since then and it was only in 1910 that it reappeared in a book on fishing.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">I guess that's probably where our "message in a bottle" connection came into being. We used a virtual app called Bottled where we send a random message that other people on the other side would have the choice to pick it up or throw it back. If someone picks up, they also have the option to reply to your message or not.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">And of course, we're here now because she chose to pick up and reply to my message. One thing leads to another and the rest is shall we say history.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">If there is something that I would say, there is serendipity waiting to happen for all of us when we least expect it. Learn to take chances and don't take little things for granted. Expect the unexpected. Embrace change. Live life the way you want it to be even when things go horribly wrong at times.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div>JP Canonigohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03867309680955928358noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2148827822363692190.post-17194509454740349582023-03-15T12:36:00.004+08:002023-10-04T15:04:47.326+08:00The Glory Days of the CEBOOM Era<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="100%" data-original-width="100%" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbJUq7cK0n1RMjBbi4dzR4Km_e3NsolTb9TB5fOnd_Rn4eVcsSUy0VuHYkUqA79XatqnnnFgUqkKconiTf_Op5Nc7B6dYqGy_jAqSFcjA4KDIUgVMcNG0Mj1OPRD9NcmfrRpoi1d5qLssBJHvQEkMuD-jmLWh4NNxWnIxX-4naht-AzfWT1tV0bEuSZQ/s16000/ceboom.png" /></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">As someone who considered oneself a "90's kid," I grew up in a time when Cebu was emerging as the Philippines' fastest-growing metropolis in terms of its political, economic, and cultural clout. Although it always considered itself a distinct and unique region, it has been treated as a secondary city as compared with other cities up north.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">It was a time when the city was leading the charge for greater regional pride in the Cebuano-speaking demographic of Visayas and Mindanao. There was a newfound belief that the people in the region can stand on their own without the greater control of the <a href="https://www.istoryadista.net/2011/09/eternal-rivalry-manila-vs-cebu.html">Manila-centric political and economic elites</a>.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><h1 style="text-align: justify;">Origin Story</h1><div style="text-align: justify;">The emergence of CEBOOM in our lexicon can be attributed to a portmanteau of "Cebu" and "Boom" referring to the rapid economic development of the city during the early 1990s. It also coincided with the growth of globalization in the Philippines and other emerging economies of Southeast Asia as a whole. By this time, our country has shifted its focus towards manufacturing and exporting goods to the global market. This was facilitated by the reduction of trade barriers and the liberalization of markets, which allowed us to access new markets and attract foreign investments.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Although established earlier in 1979, the <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/29792494">Mactan Export Processing Zone (MEPZ)</a> was expanded further during the early 1990s as demand for manufacturing output grew. During its height, the MEPZ generated over 35,000 jobs thanks to foreign investors, especially the Japanese, who built metal processing, camera manufacturing, and semiconductor factories. The entry of foreign capital can be seen as a contributing factor that saw the growth of CEBOOM.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">If we backtrack centuries back, Cebu has always been a center of trade even before the Spanish established Manila as the capital of its colonial possession. We can even say that there was an economic boom before CEBOOM as the <a href="https://www.istoryadista.net/2020/05/a-cartographic-search-of-cebus-lost.html">opening of the Suez Canal in 1869</a> saw the city opening itself to world trade by then. Soon <a href="https://www.istoryadista.net/2020/07/the-forgotten-drug-store-of-dr-oscar.html">British, American, and other European traders</a> established their own warehouses and trading posts. It served as a trading depot for all the export crops from the Visayas and Mindanao.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Owing to its rich mercantile history, Cebu has created a 'self-reliant culture' that is 'psychologically independent' of Manila. The ethnolinguistic differences with the people up north established a clear separation and defiance from the former. After the end of World War II, Cebu has to pick up the pieces from the destruction and further lagged behind in terms of development, infrastructure, and economic output as compared with other major cities. What was seen as the Queen City of the South in the past, has become a shadow of its former self.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><h1 style="text-align: justify;">Phoenix Rising</h1><div style="text-align: justify;">What made it worse is when the Philippines suffered some of the most destructive and deadliest natural disasters in history - <a href="https://www.istoryadista.net/2021/12/the-tempests-wrath-short-history-of.html">Super Typhoon Mike</a> (locally known "Ruping") on November 13, 1990. It destroyed a lot of houses, sunk ships at the harbor, and worse, left the entire Metro Cebu without electricity and drinking water not to mention the countless lives lost. The entire province was placed under a state of emergency, and many local leaders requested the national government for humanitarian assistance but were turned down as it prioritized other areas instead.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Just like the mythical phoenix that rose up from the ashes, Cebu channelled its collective 'self-reliant and can-do attitude' again to get itself going and rise up from the challenges. Soon, it has become the fast-growing city in the country as <a href="https://www.istoryadista.net/2011/04/sm-seaside-city-cebus-future-attraction.html">shopping malls popped up</a> (SM City and Ayala Center), office buildings rose (Cebu Business Park and IT Park), new roads spread out (Cebu Transcentral Highway), and the population grew. The crowning glory of that era was when the Second Mandaue-Mactan Bridge (Marcelo Fernan Bridge) was finally completed to accommodate greater traffic volume with people going to work at the expanded MEPZ facility and the previously-upgraded Mactan Cebu International Airport (under the Republic Act No. 6958 on July 31, 1990, which saw the transfer of existing assets and operations from the old Lahug Airport).</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><h1 style="text-align: justify;">Political Rennaisance</h1><div style="text-align: justify;">Not to be <a href="https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/opinion/2018/11/05/1866044/cebu-region-and-state-its-own">treated as a political backwater</a>, Cebu saw the rise of popular national figures with the likes of Cebu governor Emilio "Lito" Osmeña and Chief Justice Marcelo H. Fernan.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The era saw Osmeña's popular presidential bids in 1992 and 1998 saw him advocate for greater decentralization with Cebu gaining autonomy under the PROMDI banner. That means local officials should be able to use that new political powers to produce a strategy that would attract greater foreign investments. President Fidel Ramos' ambitious "Philippines 2000" development plan was met with great protest and opposition as it aimed to further integrate the country into the global capitalist economy.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">As the only Filipino to serve as the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and Senate President, Fernan was the running mate of Speaker Ramon V. Mitra when the latter ran for president in the 1991 presidential elections. However, both of them lost. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The rise to prominence of these leaders also coincides with the thought of seeing Cebu as a separate country going as far as entertaining the idea of <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1988/10/23/affluent-philippine-island-pursues-independent-course/75bf2047-d16d-4d76-9bf3-9558bf915a4a/">Cebu leaving as an independent state</a>. They even saw 2020 as the time when CEBOOM would bear fruits in the emergence of investment opportunities and growing global exports with the dream of fulfilling to <a href="https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/opinion/2022/08/23/2204455/how-can-cebu-city-become-singapore">become another Singapore</a>.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div><i>"We have developed a more myopic vision. We take care of our own first,"</i> says then-Cebu City Mayor Tomas Osmeña. <i>"Even during the Marcos years, Cebu was able to hold its own"</i> while most of the country's economy deteriorated. This strategy includes signing separate agreements with foreign governments as well as turning a blind eye to illegal businesses that flourish without paying taxes so that the cash keeps flowing in Cebu and tax receipts don't reach the cash-strapped central government in Manila.</div><div><br /></div><h1>Economic Flexing</h1><div>We can't help but when money is flowing in, we tend to splurge a bit more to reward ourselves with the fruits of that labor. That's what happened in Cebu during that decade as political and economic leaders wanted to invest its newfound economic prominence into the city's rapid growth. The Chinese diaspora in the late 19th century and established old Mestizo families helped grew the entrepreneurial class so that most of the richest personalities in the Philippines can trace their roots back to Cebu - the likes of the Gos, Gotianuns, Aboitizes, Lhuilliers, Gokongweis, etc.</div><div><br /></div><div>There was great optimism at that time and it's perfectly shown in this classic San Miguel TV commercial.</div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="600" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/w2dESSTwetY" title="San Miguel Beer "SiBoom" - Philippines , 1989 , 90s" width="800"></iframe></div><div><br /></div><div>Yet the impressive economic indicators hide the widening income gap between the rich elites and the dirt-poor locals and migrant workers. Nevertheless, the establishment of mega shopping centers like SM City, Robinsons, and Ayala Center fuelled further economic growth and urbanization. More gated subdivisions and high-rise condominiums were built to cater to the growing middle class and families of OFWs looking to move up the social ladder.</div><div><br /></div><h1>Cultural Clout</h1><div>Have you ever remembered the time when our teachers taught us to sing the national anthem in Cebuano? Remember <i>"Yutang Tabunon"</i>? It was the time when we shout out to the world that we are proud to talk and write in our very own language.</div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="600" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/K5ExkXlZRDU" title="Yutang Tabunon (Philippine National Anthem in Cebuano)" width="800"></iframe></div><div><br /></div><div>There was a resurgence of the idea that being 'promdi' (from the province) is cool and a badge of honor. We saw people speaking like us and doing things we're familiar with as Cebuano-speaking soap operas are shown on regional TV with the likes of <i><a href="https://www.istoryadista.net/2012/07/si-goot-da-wanderpol.html">"Si Goot the Wanderpol"</a></i> and <i>"Milionaryong Mini."</i> Not only that, Cebuano language programming on the radio popularized the local news and dramas to a new audience. Meanwhile, <i>"Bisaya"</i> magazine became a fad as <a href="https://www.istoryadista.net/2021/06/forgotten-bisaya-words-lost-in-time.html">people wanted to grow their fluency</a>. Soon many of these staples were eventually adapted on screen for widescreen release, often with non-Cebuano-speaking actors.</div><div><br /></div></div><h1 style="text-align: justify;">End of an Era</h1><div style="text-align: justify;">In boom times, we always thought that the good times will never end. Well, that's never been the case throughout history. We have seen some boom and bust countless times in the past and Cebu is not a stranger to that. We saw the rise of globalization bringing great advancement to the city and standards of living improved yet no one heard the alarm bells ringing of impending doom that lies ahead.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The Asian Economic Crisis of 1997 brought an end to that rapid growth due to overvalued currencies, high levels of foreign debt, and weak financial regulations. The crisis resulted in a sharp economic downturn and caused widespread social and political unrest. What soon followed was a series of bad public policies that saw unfettered development and excessive public spending that saw some overpriced infrastructure and abandoned white elephants like the Cebu International Convention Center, mockingly called the <a href="https://www.istoryadista.net/2012/06/cebu-megadome-dream-that-never-was.html">"Cebu Megadome."</a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">It may come as a surprise for some, but the crisis serves as a wake-up call for Cebu and the country as a whole as economic growth has come to an end. It calls for a re-evaluation of the economic policies and a move towards greater financial regulation. Cebu can't depend too much on certain industries and foreign investments, it has to diversify its local economy in order to regain its lost gains.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><h1 style="text-align: justify;">The Legacy</h1><div style="text-align: justify;">The CEBOOM of the late 1990s had a lasting legacy on the city of Cebu and the Philippines as a whole. Here are some of the most significant impacts:</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><h2>Economic Growth and Development</h2><div>CEBOOM led to the rapid growth and development of Cebu's economy, making it one of the most important economic centers in the Philippines. The growth was driven by the influx of foreign investments, the expansion of the BPO industry, and the development of infrastructure.</div><div><br /></div><h2>Job Creation</h2><div>The growth of various industries during the CEBOOM created numerous job opportunities for the local workforce, particularly in the BPO sector. This not only helped reduce unemployment but also improved the quality of life for many people in the region.</div><div><br /></div><h2>Modernization of Infrastructure</h2><div>It led to the development of modern infrastructure, including the Mactan-Cebu International Airport Terminal 1, the Cebu South Coastal Road, and the Cebu IT Park. These projects not only improved transportation but also boosted tourism and commerce.</div><div><br /></div><h2>Globalization</h2><div>It was a period of globalization in the Philippines, marked by the influx of foreign investment, trade, and commerce thereby integrating the local economy into the global market and paving the way for future economic growth.</div><div><br /></div><h2>Urbanization</h2><div>CEBOOM has led to the urbanization of Cebu, with the development of high-rise buildings, shopping malls, and other modern facilities. This helped transform the city into a modern metropolis.</div><div><br /></div><div>All these long-term benefits laid the <a href="https://www.istoryadista.net/2012/11/looking-ahead-to-cebus-future.html">groundwork for future developments</a> with new real estate projects, infrastructures, mass transportation, and other big-ticket projects. Cebu is still poised for growth in the post-CEBOOM era as many opportunities are in store for everyone.</div><div><br /></div><div><div>As it is already home to various industries, there is still room to diversify and develop new industries like renewable energy, biotechnology, and logistics. Despite significant improvements in infrastructure like the expansion of the airport, completion of the third Mactan bridge, and the establishment of the BRT, there is still a need for greater connectivity province-wide with new highways and hopefully, the revival of the railway. With greater connectivity, more towns will fully develop a comprehensive tourism plan to link everyone on the island.</div><div><br /></div><div>Greater investments in technology will transform Cebu into an innovation hub with the development of artificial intelligence, blockchain, and the Internet of Things. Finally, Cebu has to balance economic growth with sustainability with the introduction of eco-tourism, the development of renewable energy, and the adoption of green technologies to create a more circular and resilient economy.</div></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Sources:</b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div><b><i><a href="https://businessmirror.com.ph/2022/09/23/ceboom-and-the-bridges-of-cebu-country/">"Ceboom and the bridges of Cebu country,"</a></i></b> by Manny Dooc</div><div><b><i><a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303970968_Cebu_and_Ceboom_The_Political_Place_of_Globalisation_in_a_Philippine_City">"Cebu and Ceboom: The Political Place of Globalisation in a Philippine City,"</a></i></b> by Lisa Law</div><div><b><i><a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/29792494">"The Mactan Export Processing Zone in Comparative Perspective,"</a></i></b> by Niels Beerepoot and A.C.M. van Westen</div><div><b><i><a href="https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/opinion/2018/11/05/1866044/cebu-region-and-state-its-own">"Cebu a region and state of its own,"</a></i></b> by Clarence Paul Oaminal</div><div><b><i><a href="https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2018/07/05/1830786/sitoy-wants-cebu-separate-federated-region">"Sitoy wants Cebu as separate federated region,"</a></i></b> by Gregg Rubio</div><div><i><b><a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1988/10/23/affluent-philippine-island-pursues-independent-course/75bf2047-d16d-4d76-9bf3-9558bf915a4a/">"Affluent Philippine Island Pursues Independent Course,"</a></b></i> by Keith Richburg</div><div><b><i><a href="https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/opinion/2022/08/23/2204455/how-can-cebu-city-become-singapore">"How can Cebu City become like Singapore,"</a></i></b> by Josephus Jimenez</div><div><b><i><a href="https://www.academia.edu/45915800/From_Sugbu_to_Ceboom_A_Study_on_the_Historical_Development_of_the_Urban_Form_of_Cebu_City">"From Sugbu to ‘Ceboom’: A Study on the Historical Development of the Urban Form of Cebu City,"</a></i></b> by Troy Elizaga and Johannes Chua</div></div>JP Canonigohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03867309680955928358noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2148827822363692190.post-82374476161658492052023-02-01T16:57:00.003+08:002023-09-25T15:04:57.440+08:00Finding Their Roots: LeBron James<div style="text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="100%" data-original-width="100%" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkwCpMQgwQRsLuSjcN04p3CUZEUDbjqcmxk_yj06kJYQ7ARXv6Zyk3Ft04KyK7W8klmYhKJyA3RtlkB1j9Mn7UW6lVUvOD5tib3oVUNf6h17KYw9O4fvYIHtxG0K8FK6fZ3GhFj6B3acO83OddZ9uWyonZfpLcZh1PqUfcn5LxKhsTtVZLZDJkVydVsw/s16000/lebron.webp" /></div><br /><span style="font-size: small; text-align: justify;"><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Editor's Note: I was fascinated with genealogy and family history when I was in university and it never ceased to amaze me about finding your roots. This is the reason why I took History and started tracing my family tree. This time around after watching episodes of <a href="https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=finding+your+roots" target="_blank">Finding Your Roots by Henry Louis Gates</a> and <a href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCmnJg51xm-CKp4gStELpQTA" target="_blank">Who Do You Think You Are</a>. I have decided to research the family tree of famous NBA players. Information can be found online from various news articles and interviews about their lives.</div></span></div><br /><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">LeBron James, or simply LeBron, is one of the most recognizable names in the world of basketball. In fact, he is arguably one of the greatest players of all time next to Michael Jordan. Yet with his immense popularity, there is this side of his life that not everyone knows about. That is his family history.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeW5zDIo0Hr0AArM8HsBJIlkpVldvmqdH1-siy3cjVYribgq_O0A9UkIJAfQfD2pAkPtYPiOEwEXs4znrkl_iRVRf-jWUygG0zJrfMeNNUyITlf1fasraOUbN-xwkeKuajrDRbhMZLFdMV1WWT3xjJv28-mUPw6LvlgqaNxnqz2AmgFdTTR5JCJczYrQ/s349/image_2023-02-01_163127095.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="323" data-original-width="349" height="296" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeW5zDIo0Hr0AArM8HsBJIlkpVldvmqdH1-siy3cjVYribgq_O0A9UkIJAfQfD2pAkPtYPiOEwEXs4znrkl_iRVRf-jWUygG0zJrfMeNNUyITlf1fasraOUbN-xwkeKuajrDRbhMZLFdMV1WWT3xjJv28-mUPw6LvlgqaNxnqz2AmgFdTTR5JCJczYrQ/s320/image_2023-02-01_163127095.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Anthony McClelland, LeBron's biological father</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">One of the most intriguing sides of his family tree is that of his biological "father" named Anthony McClelland, who is said to have an eerie resemblance to the Laker star (former Cavalier and Heat). Not much is known about him but it is said that he was a local legend in the Akron basketball scene. However, he ends up spending long stretches in the prison system because of his criminal activities. McClelland is said to have another son named Aaron McClelland Gamble and a daughter.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">To add fuel to conspiracy theorists, some said that <a href="https://empireboobookitty.com/lebron-james-dad-anthony-mcclelland/">Gloria may have been assaulted</a> and the perpetrator may have been the biological father. One man who was said to have been assumed as the real father was <a href="https://www.basketballnetwork.net/off-the-court/the-story-of-lebron-james-biological-father">Roland Bivins</a>, a man Gloria used to date. However, Bivins was killed by a drive-by shooting in 1994. As LeBron rose to superstardom, there were men who claimed they were the real father and one of them was <a href="https://www.miaminewtimes.com/news/lebron-lawsuit-filed-by-man-claiming-to-be-his-father-thrown-out-6539369">Leicester Bryce Stovell</a>. Even with the unwanted publicity and glare of the media spotlight, the claim was later proven untrue through a DNA test.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">Despite having an absentee father, LeBron eventually made a name for himself as the hottest high school phenom and fast forward to 2023, and he is on the verge of surpassing the all-time scoring record of Kareem Abdul Jabar.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">Meanwhile, Gloria Mae James raised LeBron as a single mom when she got pregnant at 16 years old. With the help of her mother Freda, LeBron grew up in a loving household despite the challenges around them. Unfortunately, Freda passed away when LeBron was just 3 years old, and Gloria, who was just 19 at that time, struggled mightily to raise her son as a single mom.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">Unable to find a steady source of income, they end up moving from apartment to apartment for several years. She did not graduate from high school, which made finding employment much more difficult for her. When LeBron was nine, he was sent away to live with the family of his football coach Frank Walker. It was actually “Big Frankie” who introduced LeBron to basketball.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><h2 style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">LeBron's Family</h2><div><div style="text-align: justify;">LEBRON JAMES was born on 30 Dec 1984 in Akron, Summit, Ohio, USA. He married SAVANNAH BRINSON. She was born on 27 Aug 1986 in Akron, Summit, Ohio, USA. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">LeBron James and Savannah Brinson had the following children:</div><div style="text-align: justify;">I. LEBRON JAMES JR. was born on 06 Oct 2004 in Cleveland, Cuyahoga, Ohio, USA.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">ii. BRYCE MAXIMUS JAMES was born on 14 Jun 2007 in Cuyahoga Falls, Summit, Ohio, USA.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">iii. ZHURI JAMES was born on 22 Oct 2014 in Cleveland, Cuyahoga, Ohio, USA.</div></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzo-dBurD_jAcbE12iMzYrJ9K6_oQE7L8xmZBFa5Sm6RuCLQ-2Ko9DRNO1NPtiYtD6aQdRwBBbf-7fM9oEpVIeDuQMwVFTIvoTLLjuspvlIBb7Zn4Vt7Lrst1hcOytlXYQ-2dtTBmC-hg5n3V5Nl_Q1FqsZuYmHnikTJYIieXPrxqbVsZ7XC0k5tkpeQ/s731/image_2023-02-01_171100707.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="591" data-original-width="731" height="518" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzo-dBurD_jAcbE12iMzYrJ9K6_oQE7L8xmZBFa5Sm6RuCLQ-2Ko9DRNO1NPtiYtD6aQdRwBBbf-7fM9oEpVIeDuQMwVFTIvoTLLjuspvlIBb7Zn4Vt7Lrst1hcOytlXYQ-2dtTBmC-hg5n3V5Nl_Q1FqsZuYmHnikTJYIieXPrxqbVsZ7XC0k5tkpeQ/w640-h518/image_2023-02-01_171100707.png" width="640" /></a></div><div><h2 style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">LeBron's Ancestors</h2></div><div><h3 style="text-align: justify;">Generation 1</h3><div style="text-align: justify;">LeBron James, son of Anthony McClelland and Gloria Marie James, was born on 30 Dec 1984 in Akron, Summit, Ohio, USA. He married Savannah Brinson. She was born on 27 Aug 1986 in Akron, Summit, Ohio, USA.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><h3 style="text-align: justify;">Generation 2</h3><div style="text-align: justify;">Anthony McClelland was born in Akron, Summit, Ohio, USA. He married Gloria Marie James. </div><div style="text-align: justify;">Gloria Marie James, daughter of Cantona James and Freda Marie Howard Mills Golson, was born on 04 Feb 1968 in Akron, Summit, Ohio, USA.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Gloria Marie James and Anthony McClelland had the following child:</div><div style="text-align: justify;">i. LeBron James was born on 30 Dec 1984 in Akron, Summit, Ohio, USA. He married Savannah Brinson. She was born on 27 Aug 1986 in Akron, Summit, Ohio, USA.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><h3 style="text-align: justify;">Generation 3</h3><div style="text-align: justify;">Cantona James. He married Freda Marie Howard Mills Golson. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Freda Marie Howard Mills Golson, daughter of George Edward Golson and Constance Deloris Gay, was born in 1946 in Akron, Summit, Ohio, USA. She died in 1987.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSpMuSvpRAyQ71xyI1vVuTiYdz8aBi4_XXCKO-eAYMftAsuotgsgnQv-VIVYNeJy0TVu5r1JurunUqkEitBdUOlopHY5t5Ii107uW7p_GbiS40rYIBo3KhgTqPVttRTSKo_kmRcL3n2VJRgLYZnoFPJgiP7afn0dM7VVf90L_qu-vj8C7nusbJToEDeQ/s749/image_2023-02-01_171000374.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="679" data-original-width="749" height="580" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSpMuSvpRAyQ71xyI1vVuTiYdz8aBi4_XXCKO-eAYMftAsuotgsgnQv-VIVYNeJy0TVu5r1JurunUqkEitBdUOlopHY5t5Ii107uW7p_GbiS40rYIBo3KhgTqPVttRTSKo_kmRcL3n2VJRgLYZnoFPJgiP7afn0dM7VVf90L_qu-vj8C7nusbJToEDeQ/w640-h580/image_2023-02-01_171000374.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Freda Marie Howard Mills Golson and Cantona James had the following children:</div><div style="text-align: justify;">i. Gloria Marie James was born on 04 Feb 1968 in Akron, Summit, Ohio, USA. She met Anthony McClelland from Akron, Summit, Ohio, USA. </div><div style="text-align: justify;">ii. Curt James. </div><div style="text-align: justify;">iii. Terry James. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><h3 style="text-align: justify;">Generation 4</h3><div style="text-align: justify;">George Edward Golson was born on 14 Jun 1901 in Greenville, Alabama, USA. He married Constance Deloris Gay. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Constance Deloris Gay, daughter of Leroy Gay and Frances Marie Anderson, was born on 18 Oct 1931 in Akron, Summit, Ohio, USA. She died on 04 May 1986 in Akron, Summit, Ohio, USA.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Constance Deloris Gay and George Edward Golson had the following child:</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">i. Freda Marie Howard Mills Golson was born in 1946 in Akron, Summit, Ohio, USA. She died in 1987. She married Cantona James. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><h3 style="text-align: justify;">Generation 5</h3><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtXkLpZ1PvvooeSsILhzIT0qDY31picJM-W9uNngrdTgYnu3-dS1hmeKPB2uiBD-LsIZGVIa6T1BKd6cb27ECRjgrHg0mFupYQjN2f7_1GsHRyIM15h40FqKAc0nxKn1h824fy-lSf3daaW7k9UBCXCTmNlU7rEnGUqKqtJrSArB79cvsANlob0AQ0hA/s581/image_2023-02-01_170804608.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="581" data-original-width="475" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtXkLpZ1PvvooeSsILhzIT0qDY31picJM-W9uNngrdTgYnu3-dS1hmeKPB2uiBD-LsIZGVIa6T1BKd6cb27ECRjgrHg0mFupYQjN2f7_1GsHRyIM15h40FqKAc0nxKn1h824fy-lSf3daaW7k9UBCXCTmNlU7rEnGUqKqtJrSArB79cvsANlob0AQ0hA/w328-h400/image_2023-02-01_170804608.png" width="328" /></a></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://megansmolenyak.com/lebron-james-is-making-his-cleveland-ancestors-proud/">Leroy Gay</a>, son of Ben F. Gay and Levesta Scott, was born about 1907 in Conyers, Rockdale, Georgia, USA. He died on 01 Mar 1941 in Stark, Ohio, USA. He married Frances Marie Anderson on 08 May 1926. He died at an unknown date.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaZzQ1z0bmpm9qpYYcu4Y09ns1UkpYW9bTWA7W-CEf0z5mfgg-6gcx_xc5ML8ZWks5Y6uY8uhoM1yrzcOehJuQpjOENVG0AU2Pi7HTOVsDEIrPnC79Uez96DkyLLL8mSkDFQv1MZyQIlbgTHhqSGAoLocszlusoRIOLukxKoNqYL22gRSTcSPuL4FNjA/s1204/image_2023-02-01_170651529.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="684" data-original-width="1204" height="365" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaZzQ1z0bmpm9qpYYcu4Y09ns1UkpYW9bTWA7W-CEf0z5mfgg-6gcx_xc5ML8ZWks5Y6uY8uhoM1yrzcOehJuQpjOENVG0AU2Pi7HTOVsDEIrPnC79Uez96DkyLLL8mSkDFQv1MZyQIlbgTHhqSGAoLocszlusoRIOLukxKoNqYL22gRSTcSPuL4FNjA/w640-h365/image_2023-02-01_170651529.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Frances Marie Anderson, daughter of John Anderson and Cora Fuller, was born on 16 Oct 1911 in Hardeman, Tennessee, USA. She died on 23 Aug 1945 in Akron, Summit, Ohio, USA.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Frances Marie Anderson and Leroy Gay had the following child:</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">i. Constance Deloris Gay was born on 18 Oct 1931 in Akron, Summit, Ohio, USA. She died on 04 May 1986 in Akron, Summit, Ohio, USA. She married George Edward Golson. He was born on 14 Jun 1901 in Greenville, Alabama, USA. She married James Foreman. He was born in 1922. He died at an unknown date. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><h3 style="text-align: justify;">Generation 6</h3><div style="text-align: justify;">Ben F. Gay. He married Levesta Scott. Levesta Scott and Ben F. Gay had the following child:</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">i. Leroy Gay was born about 1907 in Conyers, Rockdale, Georgia, USA. He died on 01 Mar 1941 in Stark, Ohio, USA. He married Frances Marie Anderson on 08 May 1926. She was born on 16 Oct 1911 in Hardeman, Tennessee, USA. She died on 23 Aug 1945 in Akron, Summit, Ohio, USA.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">John Anderson, son of Andrew Thomas Anderson and Julia Buckner, was born in 1860 in Tennessee. He married Cora Fuller on 22 May 1910 in Hardeman, Tennessee, USA.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Cora Fuller, daughter of Edward Vernon Jordan and Elma Virginia Bowles, was born in 1892 in Tennessee, USA. She died on 28 Feb 1968 in Louisa, Louisa, Virginia, USA.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Cora Fuller and John Anderson had the following children:</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">i. Frances Marie Anderson was born on 16 Oct 1911 in Hardeman, Tennessee, USA. She died on 23 Aug 1945 in Akron, Summit, Ohio, USA. She married Leroy Gay on 08 May 1926. He was born about 1907 in Conyers, Rockdale, Georgia, USA. He died on 01 Mar 1941 in Stark, Ohio, USA. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">ii. George Anderson was born in 1913 in Tennessee, USA. He died at an unknown date.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">iii. Olivia Anderson was born in 1917 in Tennessee, USA. She died at an unknown date.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><h3 style="text-align: justify;">Generation 7</h3><div style="text-align: justify;">Andrew Thomas Anderson was born in 1852 in Hardeman, Tennessee, USA. He died in 1918 in Hardeman, Tennessee, USA. He married Julia Buckner. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Julia Buckner was born in Apr 1853 in Kentucky, USA. She died in 1933 in Toone, Hardeman, Tennessee, USA.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Julia Buckner and Andrew Thomas Anderson had the following child:</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">i. John Anderson was born in 1860 in Tennessee, USA. He married Cora Fuller on 22 May 1910 in Hardeman, Tennessee, USA. She was born in 1892 in Tennessee, USA. She died on 28 Feb 1968 in Louisa, Louisa, Virginia, USA. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Edward Vernon Jordan, son of John Martin Jordan and Susan G Payne, was born on 20 Dec 1856 in Virginia, USA. He died on 26 May 1913 in Goochland, Virginia, USA. He married Elma Virginia Bowles on 26 Nov 1878 in Fluvanna, Virginia, USA.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-oB6YFDheHCvUoJU_8ey6TSM1GXeg15za0Iof_rLXeo9ASVgRl5WScljWDGxeC8ym9FAERGC7m6RVmlzzgShcLnqEEm3gFwtjcT0yfwczHpVgRq1_3dpgJrJqi9P8RJ87P6FqcWh7EJhpx2LSZSjbE7BujT6VJ52Xy4C_Ix7uTmj2j9C-xFKoAX6Gag/s971/image_2023-02-01_171347306.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="603" data-original-width="971" height="398" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-oB6YFDheHCvUoJU_8ey6TSM1GXeg15za0Iof_rLXeo9ASVgRl5WScljWDGxeC8ym9FAERGC7m6RVmlzzgShcLnqEEm3gFwtjcT0yfwczHpVgRq1_3dpgJrJqi9P8RJ87P6FqcWh7EJhpx2LSZSjbE7BujT6VJ52Xy4C_Ix7uTmj2j9C-xFKoAX6Gag/w640-h398/image_2023-02-01_171347306.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Elma Virginia Bowles was born on 24 May 1855 in Fluvanna, Virginia, USA. She died on 02 Jan 1903 in Byrd, Goochland, Virginia, USA.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Elma Virginia Bowles and Edward Vernon Jordan had the following children:</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">i. Ivy Louise Jordan was born on 22 Aug 1880 in Virginia, USA. She died on 16 Oct 1981 in Richmond, Virginia, USA.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">ii. Ethel V Jordan was born on 08 Mar 1882 in Goochland, Virginia, USA. She died on 28 Feb 1968.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">iii. Susan Elizabeth Jordan was born on 06 Jan 1890 in Goochland, Virginia, USA. She died on 02 Sep 1968 in Richmond, Virginia, USA.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">iv. Cora Fuller was born in 1892 in Tennessee, USA. She died on 28 Feb 1968 in Louisa, Louisa, Virginia, USA. She married John Anderson on 22 May 1910 in Hardeman, Tennessee, USA. He was born in 1860 in Tennessee, USA. He died at an unknown date.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">v. Hallie Jordan was born on 29 May 1892 in Tabscott, Goochland, Virginia, USA. She died on 26 Feb 1934 in Goochland, Goochland, Virginia, USA.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">vi. Edward Myrtland Jordan Sr was born on 10 Feb 1894 in Goochland, Virginia, USA. He died on 11 Jul 1986 in Goochland, Goochland, Virginia, USA.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">vii. Elma Jordan was born on 08 Sep 1905. She died on 29 Jun 1972 in Farmville, Prince Edward, Virginia, USA.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">viii. Elma Lucille Jordan was born on 08 Sep 1905 in Goochland, Virginia, USA. She died on 29 Jun 1972 in Prince Edward, Virginia, USA.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><h3 style="text-align: justify;">Generation 8</h3><div style="text-align: justify;">John Martin Jordan was born on 28 Mar 1804 in Goochland, Virginia, USA. He died on 12 May 1861 in Goochland, Virginia, USA. He married Susan G Payne. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Susan G Payne was born about 1813 in Virginia, USA. She died on 04 Dec 1871 in Goochland, Virginia, USA.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Susan G Payne and John Martin Jordan had the following child:</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">i. Edward Vernon Jordan was born on 20 Dec 1856 in Virginia, USA. He died on 26 May 1913 in Goochland, Virginia, USA. He married Elma Virginia Bowles on 26 Nov 1878 in Fluvanna, Virginia, USA. She was born on 24 May 1855 in Fluvanna, Virginia, USA. She died on 02 Jan 1903 in Byrd, Goochland, Virginia, USA.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">He married Bessie Dabney Trice on 29 Jun 1904 in District of Columbia, USA. She was born on 05 Dec 1881 in Goochland, Virginia, USA. She died on 08 Mar 1935 in Goochland, Virginia, USA. </div></div>JP Canonigohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03867309680955928358noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2148827822363692190.post-10957222837060564372022-11-06T09:29:00.063+08:002023-10-04T15:39:41.363+08:00Alternate Outcomes: The Survival of the Three Priests<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="443" data-original-width="700" height="406" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhq2D9iyHsNEjjBmJxDGWENf_AaQIeuTst4CTPZhKNLNsLz43ZRMRi2K_niFou65zWy9kJRKuJ0aUcTYplcC5V6glwcDAxAWNebjMa7WPzPzao6eWtBaeRHnGtVZ5Yh4s5V1F68mArIXQPerRA1J_FlSmhvx7qsCjGoJA3SoLqAUQHQVUl1b1wWYWLTLNPY/w640-h406/image_2023-10-04_092538063.png" width="640" /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><i>Editor's Note: <a href="https://www.istoryadista.net/search/label/altered%20timeline">Alternate Outcomes</a> is an article series that examines alternative outcomes to specific divergent points in historical events. It explores the 'what ifs' when a historical event goes to a different route. All the scenarios discussed here did not happen and are just mere educational speculations of what might have been.</i></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">In the vast tapestry of history, there are moments when a seemingly insignificant event can set in motion a chain of consequences that reshape the course of nations. Such is the case with the story of Gomburza, three Filipino priests whose execution in 1872 ignited a fervent call for change in the Philippines. But what if, by some twist of fate, the execution never occurred? What if the butterfly flapped its wings differently, <a href="https://www.istoryadista.net/2016/07/crossroads-of-historical-divergence.html">altering the course of history</a>? In this alternate history, we'll explore the repercussions of Gomburza's survival and how it shaped a different destiny for the Spanish East Indies.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><h2 style="text-align: justify;">The Martyrdom That Never Was</h2><div style="text-align: justify;">In our alternate timeline, on the fateful day of February 17, 1872, the colonial authorities in the Philippines decided not to execute Fathers Mariano Gómez, José Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora, collectively known as Gomburza. Perhaps it was a change of heart, a shift in political strategy, or an unexpected intervention that spared their lives. Regardless of the reason, the lives of these three priests were no longer in peril.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Gomburza's survival became a symbol of resistance against Spanish colonial rule. The very existence of these priests, who were outspoken critics of the abuses of the colonial administration, inspired countless Filipinos to stand up for their rights and demand reforms. The seeds of revolution, once dormant, began to germinate.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><h2 style="text-align: justify;">A United Front</h2><div style="text-align: justify;">The absence of Gomburza's execution meant that the Filipino resistance movements didn't splinter into factions as they did in reality. Instead, they found a common cause in their shared disdain for Spanish colonial rule. Leaders from different regions of the archipelago rallied together, and the Filipino revolutionary movement became more cohesive.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="553" data-original-width="1024" height="346" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrgqXVYuK8ZD1mTwaF8TGIqruK5kFzEVmLkD116cPkN3xu4mPl8xQmG44F1vG7AKwcQFFxUFpFPiyIDd80pbKuwEZ1MHk5dlfxFc5mLYyovgux357ORjoQ7w00RJv0f_3Q6YiR5N_6X0TzS2hfuUpTIn5tmDWZpme8vV0pe-3koUjkw2gIckKaVKdTW7U6/w640-h346/image_2023-10-04_152344058.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="640" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">New leaders have emerged. They advocated for peaceful reforms in the colony.</td></tr></tbody></table><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">In this alternate history, the Katipunan, <a href="https://www.istoryadista.net/2022/08/alternate-outcomes-supremo-survives.html">the secret society that played a pivotal role in the Revolution</a>, developed differently. Its leaders, inspired by the charismatic example of Gomburza, advocated for a peaceful transition to self-rule and reforms within the framework of Spanish rule. The Katipunan, rather than being a militant organization, became a political force pushing for a more equitable relationship with Spain.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><h2 style="text-align: justify;">Negotiation, Not Conflict</h2><div style="text-align: justify;">With the Katipunan's peaceful approach, negotiations between Filipino leaders and the Spanish authorities began. These negotiations were challenging, marked by tension and mistrust, but they were not marred by the violence that characterized the actual revolution. The Spanish Crown, recognizing the growing strength of the Filipino movement, was compelled to make concessions.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="768" data-original-width="1024" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijs_79cMufg5UpSjctaelg2UgE3MiJrYG2Trj8LIW6J4PdxDwQ1TSl211zMj5fMqhQIJ3hJ0UOLxtl1XDvNql7IGThRlnHw8o5OcauF34Ov7GumcQ9pyH24n-g6WP8pz1Ecv88fxKMxeDl76QYWjgMziqZI0C18Jk0ySpcna8FhOgQfgElHnB-ROuzi9vc/w640-h480/image_2023-10-04_152735830.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="640" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Spain loosened its grip on control and allowed greater autonomy in the Philippines</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">In 1898, after years of negotiations, the Spanish East Indies gained a significant degree of autonomy within the Spanish Empire. While still under Spanish sovereignty, Filipinos had control over their local affairs, and Spanish abuses were curtailed. Gomburza's legacy of peaceful resistance had borne fruit.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><h2 style="text-align: justify;">A Different 1898</h2><div style="text-align: justify;">In our alternate timeline, <a href="https://www.istoryadista.net/2021/01/if-mindanao-became-german-colony.html">the Spanish-American War played out differently</a>. With a relatively stable situation in the Spanish East Indies, there was no need for the United States to intervene militarily. Instead, diplomatic negotiations resolved the dispute between Spain and the United States over Cuba.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The colony retained its autonomy within the Spanish Empire as the 19th century drew to a close. The islands became a model colony with a hybrid system, incorporating Filipino traditions and governance structures under Spanish oversight. With that, it renamed itself to Filipinas.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><h2 style="text-align: justify;">A Unique Trajectory</h2><div style="text-align: justify;">As the world entered the 20th century, Filipinas maintained their semi-autonomous status within the Spanish Empire. With the outbreak of World War I, the islands played a significant role in supplying manpower and resources to the Spanish war effort. This bolstered the Philippines' standing within the empire.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Over time, a distinct Filipino national identity developed, drawing from the nation's pre-colonial heritage and the cultural exchange with Spain. This identity was further cemented through educational reforms and the promotion of native languages and traditions.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><h2 style="text-align: justify;">The Unraveling of Empires</h2><div style="text-align: justify;">As the 20th century progressed, <a href="https://www.istoryadista.net/2013/05/under-portuguese-rule-philippines.html">the Spanish Empire faced its own set of challenges</a>. Economic pressures, rising nationalist movements in its other colonies, and the strain of maintaining a vast empire took their toll. However, Filipinas remained an exception, thanks to the unique path forged by Gomburza's survival.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="768" data-original-width="1024" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_hKgbOjtPw_FKhdquJM8WvWO3kKW_O30S_c7X9P3dWp5LqvBTy9sBJo02yE2nWLNkyDpn2kiuBa2qGdVtFvV8s7ONrbSMZYKDtUgDhJNolf3OIXB-DM0Szj9QWYZVuBv1NlYu-G_r5DZZXG8gGfTgV3hZ82jVGwiXMTTjhMDnhPNtqibIhlrZ2hkTYkEG/w640-h480/image_2023-10-04_153207276.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="640" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Dr. Jose Rizal became the first president of Filipinas</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">In the 1930s, as other colonial empires crumbled amid global conflicts, Spain recognized the inevitability of decolonization. In a historic moment, Spain and Filipinas negotiated a peaceful transition to full independence, with Filipinas becoming a sovereign nation in 1946, free from colonial rule.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><h2 style="text-align: justify;">The Echoes of the Past</h2><div style="text-align: justify;">In this alternate history, the survival of Gomburza set in motion a series of events that led to a more peaceful and negotiated path to Filipino self-rule. Filipinas achieved independence without the bloodshed and destruction of the actual revolution. The legacy of Gomburza, as proponents of peaceful resistance and unity, left an indelible mark on the nation's history.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The butterfly effect, that tiny flutter of wings, reshaped the destiny of an entire nation. While we can only imagine the myriad of other consequences that might have arisen from such a change, one thing is clear: the Philippines of our alternate history emerged as a beacon of hope for peaceful change in a world often marked by conflict and upheaval.</div>JP Canonigohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03867309680955928358noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2148827822363692190.post-49373345901827835072022-09-09T15:19:00.004+08:002023-09-28T13:14:04.258+08:00Reimagining What Lapulapu Would Have Looked Like<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="800" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgx4damhp7UA28h8RwE0IdygFr3-CmPsSGrMEGqxZMHfNwExbsLt85GxpGCcRANc0sfEK520ojqO6JljqVuNwt0kyfrsyBPmkyLp7Icc-TovnLjD1ZWlzVx2Hsi_IledsezM27yE3h2u6KpXlmKVkveXywGS1Bs32oh2ekezW8N5ACOTleqoPVeEaEctA/w640-h480/battle%20of%20mactan.jpg" width="640" /></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">For most of us Filipinos, especially Cebuanos, Lapulapu is perhaps <a href="https://www.istoryadista.net/2022/04/cebu-urban-legend-curse-of-lapulapu.html">the most recognizable figure in Philippine history</a>. His images can be found everywhere from his lifelike statues to various visual arts. Yet there is no clear agreement between historians, public officials, and the general public as to what he really looks like. There hasn't been a definitive image of the 16th-century Filipino chieftain, who stopped the initial foray of the Spanish to colonize the island and the rest of the archipelago. In fact, there are, even, discussions arguing if <a href="https://mb.com.ph/2019/04/04/was-lapu-lapu-real/">he's really a historical figure</a> or <a href="https://manilastandard.net/opinion/columns/pop-goes-the-world-by-jenny-ortuoste/284937/lapu-lapu-the-man-behind-the-myth.html">just a mythical embellishment</a> that caused the untimely death of Spanish (Portuguese-born) explorer Ferdinand Magellan.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiS21UY7S9q2z3_A84yUrDAIhDMIhpS28OgGp5ckemHbgnRM3Ox9lcHo0jiG0l6vrDPYl4AnPLvUlyh6jSHkqo66VybJAjJgC_UxOKnGIEkbdZz5Nv-p33S4CgwokM7853v7mq8fiC55KCVZEJ9DIWMK3BZ9JLcJ_YJyx1V8TXv_-ObUNuYc6goPHGZxQ/s300/classic%20lapulapu.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="257" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiS21UY7S9q2z3_A84yUrDAIhDMIhpS28OgGp5ckemHbgnRM3Ox9lcHo0jiG0l6vrDPYl4AnPLvUlyh6jSHkqo66VybJAjJgC_UxOKnGIEkbdZz5Nv-p33S4CgwokM7853v7mq8fiC55KCVZEJ9DIWMK3BZ9JLcJ_YJyx1V8TXv_-ObUNuYc6goPHGZxQ/w343-h400/classic%20lapulapu.jpg" width="343" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Classic interpretation of Lapulapu</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Many artworks you see of his image were only made in the past few years and it's based on interpretations from old Spanish illustrations of ancient Filipinos. In 2020, the National Historical Commission unveiled the painting made by Bulacan-based artist Carlo Caacbay as the <a href="https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/308872/nhcp-releases-new-portrait-of-datu-lapulapu">"face" of Lapulapu</a>. It wasn't pulled out of thin air as there was research done by historian Danilo Gerona about the possible age of the chieftain during the time of contact with the Magellan expedition.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1151" data-original-width="768" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi60jgcDYnN9cUu-i8CIHrW56Wtq3VcWwZmcT5cKLUn--Oanb6wkhbwvpjtPwLHk2tvWldf5doYJO8UDoy-OC3Lq_HWAenzaKkMe_nciOcDLBs0x0hhe4ICn8RjVC4exkh1X19Yqj46M5Ultf-ZDBs7qYXe5e12O9kCdInuUA-gtF6H2l1BcQuAZIxzOQ/w268-h400/lapulapu.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="268" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Modern interpretation of Lapulapu</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">According to his book, <i>'Ferdinand Magellan: The Armada de Maluco and the European Discovery of the Philippines,'</i> Gerona consulted the 1563 book of Portuguese historian Gaspar Correa titled <i>'Lendas da India.'</i> Another point of reference was the famous Boxer Codex of the 1590s which illustrated the ancient Filipinos.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><h2 style="text-align: justify;">Envisioning his Face on AI</h2><div style="text-align: justify;">This got me thinking, what if we let <a href="http://www.johnpaulcanonigo.com/2022/09/does-artificial-intelligence-understand.html">artificial intelligence and machine learning</a> help picture out what Lapulapu might have looked like based on the artwork style of 16th-century artists as the year 1521 falls in that timeline. Of course, it won't create the real Lapulapu face but would be like what these artists might have thought painting him.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">So I have lined up the artists who are active on, before, and a few years after the Lapulapu-Magellan time period (1519-1522) from Rennaisance Spanish, Ming China, and Muromachi period Japan. Another point of comparison would be the images generated from neighboring kingdoms within Southeast Asia. So you might be asking, why these different art styles? I want to see different perspectives from different artistic heritages that were dominant in their respective regions.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">I already did <a href="https://www.instagram.com/jpthehistorian/guide/artificial-intelligence-art/18224126974145441/">experiments with AI</a> in the past and the results are <a href="https://www.instagram.com/p/CTd4dTSpZw3/">quite surprising</a> and <a href="https://www.instagram.com/p/CTd30WLJJws/">mind-blowing</a>. I will put the creative power of stable diffusion technologies to the test by using <a href="https://enstil.ai">Enstil</a>, <a href="https://dezgo.com">Dezgo</a>, <a href="https://replicate.com/stability-ai/stable-diffusion">Stability AI</a>, and <a href="https://beta.dreamstudio.ai/dream">DreamStudio</a>. The prompt that I'm using is: "Portrait of Filipino chieftain Lapulapu by <span style="color: red;">[name of artist]</span>" or "<span style="color: red;">[Art style/period]</span> portrait of Filipino chieftain Lapulapu by <span style="color: red;">[name of artist]</span>." After doing some initial tests, I found out that some results might have been contaminated by native American-like features and not the ones that I expected to be from our region. Nevertheless, I have to pick up ones that are somewhat close to the desired results.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><h2 style="text-align: justify;">The Results</h2><div style="text-align: justify;">The first group of artists that I'm going to test are the Renaissance-era Spanish painters of the time with the likes of El Greco, Juan Fernandez Navarette, Luis de Morales, Alonso de Berruguete, Vicente Juan Masip, Pedro Villegas de Marmolejo, and Fernando Yañez de la Almedina.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><h3 style="text-align: justify;">El Greco</h3><div style="text-align: justify;">Although born in Greece after the ill-fated Magellan expedition, he is one of the greatest Spanish painters of his time so I can't help but put his work to the test. Expectedly, a lot of the images the AI has generated on different platforms resulted in native American-looking chiefs but I found two images that stand out (still not 'Filipino' enough though).</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAKbxE1nKlf4JcqNeYru8sAFoNuP1JCK2fVOn4_u0eXvzpueEVDGCKW3LkPxAKX0CQeUtcZvHyPtYybgQsIiCej787ZhqdReQK9YNBoe8Xiq0jnsridmXh7VJm4QzmQix_KtLBao1D2LBbhN5HwqmqgTYYKROUShyAtegaNFoUmfTrDiFLyvvoPXv9rA/s512/Portrait%20of%20Filipino%20chieftain%20Lapulapu%20by%20El%20Greco_2.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="512" data-original-width="512" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAKbxE1nKlf4JcqNeYru8sAFoNuP1JCK2fVOn4_u0eXvzpueEVDGCKW3LkPxAKX0CQeUtcZvHyPtYybgQsIiCej787ZhqdReQK9YNBoe8Xiq0jnsridmXh7VJm4QzmQix_KtLBao1D2LBbhN5HwqmqgTYYKROUShyAtegaNFoUmfTrDiFLyvvoPXv9rA/s320/Portrait%20of%20Filipino%20chieftain%20Lapulapu%20by%20El%20Greco_2.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">He is featured as an old man with fur around his neck</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDOEoSSDOAR2yS0AORtXznWffkBfAYNqD6aaxL6GdTz4wHSOgOaFppVC-06Vmn5JZpd28Ut1B1f1ylHByazmxPVpOsr6a81MRzhqyCniQvVMWvnmY8IzxXibRiJIstc1grur4x-YB4cjCfhJ-Dn-Dl9yz-620Z6RrD79r4ZZg2P86edSDYb-Mbm3aYfw/s512/Portrait%20of%20Filipino%20chieftain%20Lapulapu%20by%20El%20Greco-0.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="512" data-original-width="512" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDOEoSSDOAR2yS0AORtXznWffkBfAYNqD6aaxL6GdTz4wHSOgOaFppVC-06Vmn5JZpd28Ut1B1f1ylHByazmxPVpOsr6a81MRzhqyCniQvVMWvnmY8IzxXibRiJIstc1grur4x-YB4cjCfhJ-Dn-Dl9yz-620Z6RrD79r4ZZg2P86edSDYb-Mbm3aYfw/s320/Portrait%20of%20Filipino%20chieftain%20Lapulapu%20by%20El%20Greco-0.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">He is adorned with animal hides with his weapon tucked in</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><h3 style="text-align: justify;">Juan Fernandez Navarette</h3><div style="text-align: justify;">He is a popular Mannerist-style painter from the Navarre region also known as El Mudo (The Mute). It is interesting to know that the results have shown that the AI created more desirable results than that of El Greco. Although, the subject in the first one can be mistaken for an Amazonian tribal leader the second one may be closer to what I expect Lapulapu might have looked like. I may have to admit that I have the celebrity chef Boy Logro and the <a href="https://variety.com/2022/film/asia/danny-trejo-ferdinand-magellan-1521-1235335137/">Machete actor himself Danny Trejo</a> vibes ringing around me.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXhH4I3D8CR2qYXqgQwL5Gxm4MGJR-FScIRFy0TLZdxSMIb66J0MDSMENYTjcjtnu8XghmxolP1CfOnKH50ho4A2SCAI6T69FvDGYdPdO8F8Qx4pMgbNdLrph7GsAKMNw-29MTnpUhKxicxS5Iyc408aTGEU2ZULvPb2eSmQ8v13Wl5T5aEgcmq2q5kg/s512/lapulapu1%20by%20navarette.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="512" data-original-width="512" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXhH4I3D8CR2qYXqgQwL5Gxm4MGJR-FScIRFy0TLZdxSMIb66J0MDSMENYTjcjtnu8XghmxolP1CfOnKH50ho4A2SCAI6T69FvDGYdPdO8F8Qx4pMgbNdLrph7GsAKMNw-29MTnpUhKxicxS5Iyc408aTGEU2ZULvPb2eSmQ8v13Wl5T5aEgcmq2q5kg/s320/lapulapu1%20by%20navarette.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Can he be a head-hunter here?</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdXhDf4yE40OdCq-78oNJK8lnq4Zxwpl6c0kRbElszBOX5KSTX-r8g_sD3-MM6f80QiBvXhY7mDrMZDht6awLg7r-UQ0EnkdeNxyoIBTpA5hXjyje5LvH2UzpSxElT52Xa_hZ_8_PQVYc_axMSa-L6x49VDIaEXYMXayCiGXTXx0Wh53zpM0itukJ40w/s512/lapulapu2%20by%20navarette.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="512" data-original-width="512" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdXhDf4yE40OdCq-78oNJK8lnq4Zxwpl6c0kRbElszBOX5KSTX-r8g_sD3-MM6f80QiBvXhY7mDrMZDht6awLg7r-UQ0EnkdeNxyoIBTpA5hXjyje5LvH2UzpSxElT52Xa_hZ_8_PQVYc_axMSa-L6x49VDIaEXYMXayCiGXTXx0Wh53zpM0itukJ40w/s320/lapulapu2%20by%20navarette.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Reminds me of Machete</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><h3 style="text-align: justify;">Luis de Morales</h3><div style="text-align: justify;">I like to point out that the period artists never had any connection or interactions with pre-Hispanic Filipinos so their artworks would have been wildly inaccurate. In the case of Luis 'el Divino' de Morales, he was simply known for his works on religious subjects, including many representations of the Madonna and Child and the Passion. The results showed more "Chino"-looking interpretations with elaborate headdresses.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8jBemimjMsEx5QrJdgMv9Wx5Hdwa5TOmXw4qO6JZQ754zqTfJeoN6KnZal7JHS1Uu4RWLY9nFyhN8ukESvQYdLpbmDzQSh_nwKg0oLe8skXZiUHyGMuYOFMmQBhM5Kf-acENyVfIIsMJV2fJKLAId84S3mfoC0pBZpx5fHGr-FNYkuGAtGAf6gE9cJw/s512/16th_century_portrait_of_Filipino_chieftain_Lapulapu_by_Luis_de_Morales_31zc3c12puwk.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="512" data-original-width="512" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8jBemimjMsEx5QrJdgMv9Wx5Hdwa5TOmXw4qO6JZQ754zqTfJeoN6KnZal7JHS1Uu4RWLY9nFyhN8ukESvQYdLpbmDzQSh_nwKg0oLe8skXZiUHyGMuYOFMmQBhM5Kf-acENyVfIIsMJV2fJKLAId84S3mfoC0pBZpx5fHGr-FNYkuGAtGAf6gE9cJw/s320/16th_century_portrait_of_Filipino_chieftain_Lapulapu_by_Luis_de_Morales_31zc3c12puwk.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Intricate headdress is the name of the game</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrDYqAI6rGeU1WN0vB-MdPhGUcfNWAhVkzvBAW9spxU3Q4CNlGNLInhimOGb7luX4yOyMqgv2Jdfs9O2qChNZ-UwGeUWEyYz77IPTb6YIUA4JADiuYDKyhbMpY1pdWC-3fRXFR-ZlPH9QmnTNkrthZpOEQ2QfUDC65cpX295Cg1VeC33hQTIbyATt0xA/s512/out-1.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="512" data-original-width="512" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrDYqAI6rGeU1WN0vB-MdPhGUcfNWAhVkzvBAW9spxU3Q4CNlGNLInhimOGb7luX4yOyMqgv2Jdfs9O2qChNZ-UwGeUWEyYz77IPTb6YIUA4JADiuYDKyhbMpY1pdWC-3fRXFR-ZlPH9QmnTNkrthZpOEQ2QfUDC65cpX295Cg1VeC33hQTIbyATt0xA/s320/out-1.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Reminds me of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monkey_King">Sun Wukong</a></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjN1ZZwVnIPhr5jyvehYd0qqwOOEQj3RHL97ts63cUOLRMgAHUY0z13rpGlcCWMi8JDVeDksN83W8Ux9MyOTL8Gwu-OT3siVZvEaUP3wCJxGMEKYspob-6LcxmqatyDF_CizzytYz8mu7DRcaWL8xH_yAfb0vDOjqkHJn5lXNYAxrcxq8Mz7uFs-a7qEw/s512/out-3.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="512" data-original-width="512" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjN1ZZwVnIPhr5jyvehYd0qqwOOEQj3RHL97ts63cUOLRMgAHUY0z13rpGlcCWMi8JDVeDksN83W8Ux9MyOTL8Gwu-OT3siVZvEaUP3wCJxGMEKYspob-6LcxmqatyDF_CizzytYz8mu7DRcaWL8xH_yAfb0vDOjqkHJn5lXNYAxrcxq8Mz7uFs-a7qEw/s320/out-3.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">More like an Inca warrior to me</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><h3 style="text-align: justify;">Alonso de Berruguete</h3><div>As expected, a lot of the generated portraits showcase versions of Hispanized local nobilities. It means we can envision what an alternate universe version of Lapulapu might have been if he just laid down his arms and accepted Spanish suzerainty of his own domain. In that case, he will be wearing Spanish-style clothing and all the accoutrements that go along with it.</div><div><br /></div><div>Alonso de Berruguete is considered to be the most important sculptor of the Spanish Renaissance and is known for his emotive sculptures depicting religious ecstasy or torment. One generated image showed more 'native' clothing similar to a headhunting chief.</div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyGqw6F9O63oK6MB762nnqiJBLArZmgAEYDmt0FGUccRDAkDb7LnJCqluummLR2E2tFKqnBR18OWqRJMZfUk70HOryV9km5j8UJPhUqyUT7j0u5sIgVQs-Z0Zoc6scQJbnuKVAJT_XuuTj-uDQ4NVDroy3VaQGv_TY_z-EUYwQcW9uwWTsmH_Lb6I8Cg/s512/16th-century%20portrait%20of%20Filipino%20chieftain%20Lapulapu%20by%20Alonso%20de%20Berruguete-2.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="512" data-original-width="512" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyGqw6F9O63oK6MB762nnqiJBLArZmgAEYDmt0FGUccRDAkDb7LnJCqluummLR2E2tFKqnBR18OWqRJMZfUk70HOryV9km5j8UJPhUqyUT7j0u5sIgVQs-Z0Zoc6scQJbnuKVAJT_XuuTj-uDQ4NVDroy3VaQGv_TY_z-EUYwQcW9uwWTsmH_Lb6I8Cg/s320/16th-century%20portrait%20of%20Filipino%20chieftain%20Lapulapu%20by%20Alonso%20de%20Berruguete-2.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Interesting fashion style</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhE-IgKAFgbEArvE-G9JI5wxzK_wsFGnZls9MWivIS16b7lFbwtkM3JkAv7jnYhEDb9zyeID6X4B762TdteNwr8znkus6rzdysAF1SIw5qp4ibeVOrpMjytdBV9KDECsugfGzgEz9kELyUgXlZrrqHWXDS-d0heQIDmW-7RrIACkbojC3fwncM1rxoctg/s512/110831690_16th_century_portrait_of_Filipino_chieftain_Lapulapu_by_Alonso_de_Berruguete.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="512" data-original-width="512" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhE-IgKAFgbEArvE-G9JI5wxzK_wsFGnZls9MWivIS16b7lFbwtkM3JkAv7jnYhEDb9zyeID6X4B762TdteNwr8znkus6rzdysAF1SIw5qp4ibeVOrpMjytdBV9KDECsugfGzgEz9kELyUgXlZrrqHWXDS-d0heQIDmW-7RrIACkbojC3fwncM1rxoctg/s320/110831690_16th_century_portrait_of_Filipino_chieftain_Lapulapu_by_Alonso_de_Berruguete.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Looking badass here</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvHx3ON6tgsxVR3HQR8PlJkPwNsRopgmhmU3sF9YOabwFPKgbxJfW8i3pOTYWQX7pr__iF1NBMldkB2PCsc93eNOowy4izptHvX5BzxSfTPgSC9ODWlBj26Vf8ZAkx_LB8CFlZ8tWXD-xPbXJcOrRmYajtbp_3BMDpV-CZMDixFyK1AJAeK5_Vhh3fHg/s512/out-1%20(1).png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="512" data-original-width="512" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvHx3ON6tgsxVR3HQR8PlJkPwNsRopgmhmU3sF9YOabwFPKgbxJfW8i3pOTYWQX7pr__iF1NBMldkB2PCsc93eNOowy4izptHvX5BzxSfTPgSC9ODWlBj26Vf8ZAkx_LB8CFlZ8tWXD-xPbXJcOrRmYajtbp_3BMDpV-CZMDixFyK1AJAeK5_Vhh3fHg/s320/out-1%20(1).png" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Trying to be Henry VIII?</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="text-align: justify;">Vicente Juan Masip</span></h3><div><span style="text-align: justify;">Considered one of the leading figures in the Valencian school of painting, Vicente Juan Masip is known for his religious paintings in the Mannerism style. The results are somewhat similar to de Berreguete and de Morales.</span></div><div><span style="text-align: justify;"><br /></span></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWCDGIZXECi5m8yUrdHQ0x1cMeJNGP4GeTcv6S6S_Z25IS8Fj3PS_VOa0rQYCi9SkUKen02s0ERDQJUi8CD-Af-qp25iuvckyMkPbfflgHnGjhkE8Qpo0nj3tsiXZOPjmudYG-He24K5RrxROYm6fSxjy0TXs5acvljwKngqnHmk2Z26Hhv_h-FLXBbQ/s512/16th-century%20portrait%20of%20Filipino%20chieftain%20Lapulapu%20by%20Vicente%20Juan%20Masip-1.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="512" data-original-width="512" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWCDGIZXECi5m8yUrdHQ0x1cMeJNGP4GeTcv6S6S_Z25IS8Fj3PS_VOa0rQYCi9SkUKen02s0ERDQJUi8CD-Af-qp25iuvckyMkPbfflgHnGjhkE8Qpo0nj3tsiXZOPjmudYG-He24K5RrxROYm6fSxjy0TXs5acvljwKngqnHmk2Z26Hhv_h-FLXBbQ/s320/16th-century%20portrait%20of%20Filipino%20chieftain%20Lapulapu%20by%20Vicente%20Juan%20Masip-1.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">What's with the red paint?</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCo46rDtMHUZSJq0mu08H6vLikF3DU62wbxR3x7EbwNuyg0kh3SmKVwG0XYSUoKUL7NZjvlxQjLgAj_ffehiQ72cE2_ygEcy6UIahxxAuFelKxvvevO-BW3FmXXMguuQtyr1BCmOgiNhZWrl8Buu8PB7sy68hdaezcUDS-Llm0VPCydhPIAI95g2Il4g/s512/out-0.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="512" data-original-width="512" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCo46rDtMHUZSJq0mu08H6vLikF3DU62wbxR3x7EbwNuyg0kh3SmKVwG0XYSUoKUL7NZjvlxQjLgAj_ffehiQ72cE2_ygEcy6UIahxxAuFelKxvvevO-BW3FmXXMguuQtyr1BCmOgiNhZWrl8Buu8PB7sy68hdaezcUDS-Llm0VPCydhPIAI95g2Il4g/s320/out-0.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Is he wearing a Bluetooth headset?</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><h3 style="text-align: justify;">Pedro de Villegas Marmolejo</h3><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="text-align: justify;">Just like the results generated by other AI platforms, this style ends up showing someone employed under the Spanish crown. It's similar to what local elites did just to save their lives. If Lapulapu ended up serving the Spanish, he would probably be painted that way.</span></div></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;">Pedro de Villegas Marmolejo studied painting from either Roman or Flemish models and he painted a Visitation to Elizabeth for the Seville Cathedral, which resembles the manner of Pedro Campaña.</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_hhx1UoBm-rRr5nOCIMucx4nYbk6RTARnB4b69fvSv7j17Qg46Nj0ecnf4067Kq_V7bwF_rKE_CPgrmpaKbAvtIH07CxdLgxdnfd7QluCPKXbQ_mNl-1yuv4opyfEX4KFMRWjndL5ra5PAQmwWYu3WsI19hzNpqwxSoylHgpJ-EyC17Se1Q_VgC9y2g/s512/16th-century%20portrait%20of%20Filipino%20chieftain%20Lapulapu%20by%20Pedro%20Villegas%20de%20Marmolejo-1.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="512" data-original-width="512" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_hhx1UoBm-rRr5nOCIMucx4nYbk6RTARnB4b69fvSv7j17Qg46Nj0ecnf4067Kq_V7bwF_rKE_CPgrmpaKbAvtIH07CxdLgxdnfd7QluCPKXbQ_mNl-1yuv4opyfEX4KFMRWjndL5ra5PAQmwWYu3WsI19hzNpqwxSoylHgpJ-EyC17Se1Q_VgC9y2g/s320/16th-century%20portrait%20of%20Filipino%20chieftain%20Lapulapu%20by%20Pedro%20Villegas%20de%20Marmolejo-1.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fur all over?</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgTES9C9fvZHBvXxBLVh_VVg6T9PUkut4DsORe8Uvgq5AnaoIypOj_cwR0Mv8DQy2dW_PKnSev7bpEREUfeq1FHxKxii78NmLEVDl8t7Nafl62BvMKTwWhOPyj8I4QMiBinic73mYR6lQmtqbvnv13xTTfzPW6P8NwIktHN61JSJzj7yucB4Gr9mziPg/s512/16th-century%20portrait%20of%20Filipino%20chieftain%20Lapulapu%20by%20Pedro%20Villegas%20de%20Marmolejo-2.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="512" data-original-width="512" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgTES9C9fvZHBvXxBLVh_VVg6T9PUkut4DsORe8Uvgq5AnaoIypOj_cwR0Mv8DQy2dW_PKnSev7bpEREUfeq1FHxKxii78NmLEVDl8t7Nafl62BvMKTwWhOPyj8I4QMiBinic73mYR6lQmtqbvnv13xTTfzPW6P8NwIktHN61JSJzj7yucB4Gr9mziPg/s320/16th-century%20portrait%20of%20Filipino%20chieftain%20Lapulapu%20by%20Pedro%20Villegas%20de%20Marmolejo-2.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Posing like a 16th-century Spanish aristocrat</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGfmjE1vAdGML7mAKuwq1IPpUsoT5i9fs6G2sJodlS3aDUGfs3adczFZ-g07jlhcj1BHgzx2vcL_bRcTf6QliwOxXKsDH1lsH7hWx4nF5B4Ozo7LwXybk3md31gfxeGcwlmd8RkQSd0IJvy16RcI28GZ_pXv5CJEycGCNbNLVdEwCQVMy90ZkAwpZuYQ/s512/1325305070_16th_century_portrait_of_Filipino_chieftain_Lapulapu_by_Pedro_Villegas_de_Marmolejo.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="512" data-original-width="512" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGfmjE1vAdGML7mAKuwq1IPpUsoT5i9fs6G2sJodlS3aDUGfs3adczFZ-g07jlhcj1BHgzx2vcL_bRcTf6QliwOxXKsDH1lsH7hWx4nF5B4Ozo7LwXybk3md31gfxeGcwlmd8RkQSd0IJvy16RcI28GZ_pXv5CJEycGCNbNLVdEwCQVMy90ZkAwpZuYQ/s320/1325305070_16th_century_portrait_of_Filipino_chieftain_Lapulapu_by_Pedro_Villegas_de_Marmolejo.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">La furia roja...</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="text-align: justify;">Fernando Yañez de la Almedina</span></h3><div style="text-align: justify;">Unlike the other results, this one generated weird artifacts like weird facial hairs and fashion style but the images are all but the same as the rest. The artist's background in religious arts may have played a hand in the generated images.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_o7VZR2D61AbkI9ScIB52tcCAyvrVhUXoGe__Jco4KpwNgaQs9400q8F5pn9SPqKPaLuODaE_9PJN-c1jivA0Jq7m5aJwGQyTvnjs6IPb-qTmfEorEHNM7o_enQ9GjJ0TgYl5CDhUOFxoGGdnz1W2UJPJhFegZDTKbgFM2LqLdZqNFVgILd6URJ1GUQ/s512/16th-century%20portrait%20of%20Filipino%20chieftain%20Lapulapu%20by%20Fernando%20Ya%C3%B1ez%20de%20la%20Almedina-0.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="512" data-original-width="512" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_o7VZR2D61AbkI9ScIB52tcCAyvrVhUXoGe__Jco4KpwNgaQs9400q8F5pn9SPqKPaLuODaE_9PJN-c1jivA0Jq7m5aJwGQyTvnjs6IPb-qTmfEorEHNM7o_enQ9GjJ0TgYl5CDhUOFxoGGdnz1W2UJPJhFegZDTKbgFM2LqLdZqNFVgILd6URJ1GUQ/s320/16th-century%20portrait%20of%20Filipino%20chieftain%20Lapulapu%20by%20Fernando%20Ya%C3%B1ez%20de%20la%20Almedina-0.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">I wonder what's that one on his cheek</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKio6My_aBfJ8wKTB7845AYyhQVlfA6NOen4d8dRmI_N-avJP9K241fokA6FrsHraHf0rM0dtJVE2XWTyM-1vIfHb1vtqFKvjg75dhr5crBv-sH5aOLRvyQDexuaM_Mj-LDgvdVHmRpKRik9Cwa1tZ8SOTrbF5zWhVxJq-NAgYIYXZI7EY_CEZ7Wbuxw/s512/out-1.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="512" data-original-width="512" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKio6My_aBfJ8wKTB7845AYyhQVlfA6NOen4d8dRmI_N-avJP9K241fokA6FrsHraHf0rM0dtJVE2XWTyM-1vIfHb1vtqFKvjg75dhr5crBv-sH5aOLRvyQDexuaM_Mj-LDgvdVHmRpKRik9Cwa1tZ8SOTrbF5zWhVxJq-NAgYIYXZI7EY_CEZ7Wbuxw/s320/out-1.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Interesting armor made of shells?</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQUXHdZ_8sgKh00o8xl6Hm6lqklzoc_T_SCcr8Njn4-VOPTmVlCIdkYWwb4dNXfkUZmWE8_GM34jvqkVXmKMVDgRv8is4ceBrd6fOqa1LATNUOuX2dVW19ndbc1Cz70dHZcsouFL1m84qfWou-R-ptnbp2M0o0H9TR1vkP_m5JOudS5E7fKcrnAPZexA/s512/out-3.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="512" data-original-width="512" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQUXHdZ_8sgKh00o8xl6Hm6lqklzoc_T_SCcr8Njn4-VOPTmVlCIdkYWwb4dNXfkUZmWE8_GM34jvqkVXmKMVDgRv8is4ceBrd6fOqa1LATNUOuX2dVW19ndbc1Cz70dHZcsouFL1m84qfWou-R-ptnbp2M0o0H9TR1vkP_m5JOudS5E7fKcrnAPZexA/s320/out-3.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Headdress and fur coat combination</td></tr></tbody></table><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><h3 style="text-align: justify;">Ming Chinese artists</h3><div style="text-align: justify;">Pre-Hispanic Filipino societies have been trading with China for centuries and it wouldn't be a surprise if the Ming had paid attention to the native leaders they were dealing with. How would Chinese artists have viewed the foreign barbarians looking to pay tribute to the emperor?</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The common theme in the image generations is the distinctive armor and Chinese-style hairstyle as it has difficulty identifying Filipino features. All look Chinese.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNiQggY3qeDmougz0PpLU4QZtmqVXEGAMr7EvRy2rlcd8Z6F81qgrxNAmP1r3Fsai-G5jGHSgXd481DrqXJ_gBus_IK6t--sKoGsfef0QvQi8zU5ICSlP058vHs2nZHk586ZLfdRLh5KJ_PK5EkmBdxzWYuEnVZUTqR9vZnKUgEpylIaWMHRGN-wxOIw/s512/out-0.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="512" data-original-width="512" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNiQggY3qeDmougz0PpLU4QZtmqVXEGAMr7EvRy2rlcd8Z6F81qgrxNAmP1r3Fsai-G5jGHSgXd481DrqXJ_gBus_IK6t--sKoGsfef0QvQi8zU5ICSlP058vHs2nZHk586ZLfdRLh5KJ_PK5EkmBdxzWYuEnVZUTqR9vZnKUgEpylIaWMHRGN-wxOIw/s320/out-0.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Wen Zhengming</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiT2x09P36gKn_HJhXmv09Tw7nr6i3WjY7-NpCqGVs3rSZOLUspKzjCSwCsGBWHPoToP7CKzHRt3xYS1fIjLBB_5eDIBoPkG6DRuLlLVly9Nx3APrGN_sYsuNZxqoZtZ1LKdDcIU8A6qV99bOaS4QbcqCaxuQn-0TbEEMLIJI8jjDJ9fn4-8NnLRvOlpA/s512/Ming-era%20portrait%20of%20Filipino%20chieftain%20Lapulapu%20by%20Xu%20Wei-2.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="512" data-original-width="512" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiT2x09P36gKn_HJhXmv09Tw7nr6i3WjY7-NpCqGVs3rSZOLUspKzjCSwCsGBWHPoToP7CKzHRt3xYS1fIjLBB_5eDIBoPkG6DRuLlLVly9Nx3APrGN_sYsuNZxqoZtZ1LKdDcIU8A6qV99bOaS4QbcqCaxuQn-0TbEEMLIJI8jjDJ9fn4-8NnLRvOlpA/s320/Ming-era%20portrait%20of%20Filipino%20chieftain%20Lapulapu%20by%20Xu%20Wei-2.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Xu Wei</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><h3 style="text-align: justify;">Muromachi Japanese artists</h3><div style="text-align: justify;">During this time, there was a distinctive style Japanese artists were employing in their paintings and it would be interesting to see how the AI generated images based on this art style. Would it fail to identify Filipino features?</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">It manages to create barechested figures without East Asian-style garments and armor like the case of Kano Motonobu and Kano Masanobu. Yet faces still look Japanese though.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4lBY26VsbkXeB-mP36PGTw2TInPdGLSakDAmirKbwXhDusMuKtBslwUZLA6xXPUTrQGPFDZgwix48eMiSxmr8k7NsmehPuT2G4Fyt5tKcZIPvIsozrLqeyS7Qql32UeUP9AJlNyskya1f9cNNfK7cFJyIlpZ97bG9ODB-TdjFDI_zSttMYEDr7gLTdw/s512/out-1.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="512" data-original-width="512" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4lBY26VsbkXeB-mP36PGTw2TInPdGLSakDAmirKbwXhDusMuKtBslwUZLA6xXPUTrQGPFDZgwix48eMiSxmr8k7NsmehPuT2G4Fyt5tKcZIPvIsozrLqeyS7Qql32UeUP9AJlNyskya1f9cNNfK7cFJyIlpZ97bG9ODB-TdjFDI_zSttMYEDr7gLTdw/s320/out-1.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Kano Motonobu</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZQpOW12PDOj9owuiBRV6vtl4RaRR40D-3pObcLVSJyfntD1UNXyHvhDi7SQWQ5bPJwgTVKZ8EwIXu_gY9GqfcDE8-ns6xFHhLkpuEMOkugbIEpIvCf_7s4fOYxOl4Bv_A4RhJ-Yrnhgw320nkQ6ygrcSqOG29SUqu1Zfvk-8WZL6guQjMhdG15Ktlww/s512/Muromachi-era%20portrait%20of%20Filipino%20chieftain%20Lapulapu%20by%20Kano%20Masanobu-2.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="512" data-original-width="512" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZQpOW12PDOj9owuiBRV6vtl4RaRR40D-3pObcLVSJyfntD1UNXyHvhDi7SQWQ5bPJwgTVKZ8EwIXu_gY9GqfcDE8-ns6xFHhLkpuEMOkugbIEpIvCf_7s4fOYxOl4Bv_A4RhJ-Yrnhgw320nkQ6ygrcSqOG29SUqu1Zfvk-8WZL6guQjMhdG15Ktlww/s320/Muromachi-era%20portrait%20of%20Filipino%20chieftain%20Lapulapu%20by%20Kano%20Masanobu-2.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Kano Masanobu</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhh15Vz5CnrpFvSgrl1Lk0OKynRUU9zmEgOlpPtHJQsPy0gGKM_4mD63puxXCsZvU3pdTjTRY01sBGp4caRznxay4h4TNChebUflAwIV1XpB5S6QCX_ImD-ScqDZvAxEGl_YUm4p-XOvsQs3QXPuiDcm2c7_9FpgtlSutZs51UfciDXLOoehzUUfK4S1g/s512/4155827029_Muromachi_era_portrait_of_Filipino_chieftain_Lapulapu_by_Honami_Koetsu.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="512" data-original-width="512" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhh15Vz5CnrpFvSgrl1Lk0OKynRUU9zmEgOlpPtHJQsPy0gGKM_4mD63puxXCsZvU3pdTjTRY01sBGp4caRznxay4h4TNChebUflAwIV1XpB5S6QCX_ImD-ScqDZvAxEGl_YUm4p-XOvsQs3QXPuiDcm2c7_9FpgtlSutZs51UfciDXLOoehzUUfK4S1g/s320/4155827029_Muromachi_era_portrait_of_Filipino_chieftain_Lapulapu_by_Honami_Koetsu.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Honami Koetsu</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div><h2 style="text-align: left;">Southeast Asian artists</h2><div style="text-align: justify;">There were prominent kingdoms in Southeast Asia that had direct and indirect trade links with pre-Hispanic Filipino communities. It would be interesting how they viewed him in their own art style.</div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWr-0F_7XJlgaLkQScAbIu6YrBQLtP18Tt0ldTFWhnqcHNEYA6GppmbbCeSgoTLGXHcy2CI1uEiXwZEjPecNuuZWw009tdY2dcaqJ6uohnLhW5wVKLiPDXqn9A3lBDLsPphECVwZWHqgpUiddCk9Hdl2qWrHfYUj3pWTMwtKa6jr5goFM_lgSRlyY4RQ/s512/16th_century_Khmer_portrait_of_Filipino_chieftain_Lapulapu_8lnx3xm6pf1x.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="512" data-original-width="512" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWr-0F_7XJlgaLkQScAbIu6YrBQLtP18Tt0ldTFWhnqcHNEYA6GppmbbCeSgoTLGXHcy2CI1uEiXwZEjPecNuuZWw009tdY2dcaqJ6uohnLhW5wVKLiPDXqn9A3lBDLsPphECVwZWHqgpUiddCk9Hdl2qWrHfYUj3pWTMwtKa6jr5goFM_lgSRlyY4RQ/s320/16th_century_Khmer_portrait_of_Filipino_chieftain_Lapulapu_8lnx3xm6pf1x.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Khmer</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiavDknQK7hcPgeQUmUWOxWRTWFee1Yxkyy4tyHgeeSAx0hmlI4DiS5CRiqTO9DrcL8cR0wO4h5kMEZROZ7D2gZjpxxLwI83tOiAdk7KNitCiVPHbE4sngBf0u_MmJArmY4lXNn1acPrYih1CjBiPO70G9xOqRc0lIGtrfafr6CjahVcuQ__ZPS6BOBqw/s512/2550523299_16th_century_Siamese_portrait_of_Filipino_chieftain_Lapulapu.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="512" data-original-width="512" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiavDknQK7hcPgeQUmUWOxWRTWFee1Yxkyy4tyHgeeSAx0hmlI4DiS5CRiqTO9DrcL8cR0wO4h5kMEZROZ7D2gZjpxxLwI83tOiAdk7KNitCiVPHbE4sngBf0u_MmJArmY4lXNn1acPrYih1CjBiPO70G9xOqRc0lIGtrfafr6CjahVcuQ__ZPS6BOBqw/s320/2550523299_16th_century_Siamese_portrait_of_Filipino_chieftain_Lapulapu.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Siamese</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiv3byF2DkbrHIZqtsoQ4lI3FyVSByHKBzdxh_nKgd11UF8hVUt6Wr0ZB9iSuM0NULgR8mJaa_AmzjciZOtEoJ7w1MdRSGScgDIlCie8ySleQFbPFtoE9_v8Ms0dzhS2LA8cVmpEU0hW7CLBjxMNyzwJ27uf63a0uXR2ww53PfJiXwNelt2iiPPrYkl_Q/s512/1745878147_16th_century_Majapahit_portrait_of_Filipino_chieftain_Lapulapu.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="512" data-original-width="512" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiv3byF2DkbrHIZqtsoQ4lI3FyVSByHKBzdxh_nKgd11UF8hVUt6Wr0ZB9iSuM0NULgR8mJaa_AmzjciZOtEoJ7w1MdRSGScgDIlCie8ySleQFbPFtoE9_v8Ms0dzhS2LA8cVmpEU0hW7CLBjxMNyzwJ27uf63a0uXR2ww53PfJiXwNelt2iiPPrYkl_Q/s320/1745878147_16th_century_Majapahit_portrait_of_Filipino_chieftain_Lapulapu.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Majapahit</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyYvSWiN8gHResG0Rdsz7w8jbxtcxFNS-fYzWRjvw-lhLeqZMIimkJltO1jokzDFlKx8_MVc3Om9CT-JiReT8IqGDYUkWaHouwUmKLdbfdZ8dqYuctkKvOHOpPUWCVRQRiBUnJFcAWf0w8pnAZzbXMf7FUfm60v7SJQE7eLVPbcc0MyVZrYwzygiuS_Q/s512/out-0.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="512" data-original-width="512" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyYvSWiN8gHResG0Rdsz7w8jbxtcxFNS-fYzWRjvw-lhLeqZMIimkJltO1jokzDFlKx8_MVc3Om9CT-JiReT8IqGDYUkWaHouwUmKLdbfdZ8dqYuctkKvOHOpPUWCVRQRiBUnJFcAWf0w8pnAZzbXMf7FUfm60v7SJQE7eLVPbcc0MyVZrYwzygiuS_Q/s320/out-0.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Majapahit</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIFJOt-vF8F5Jsfyhmg7SKkKRYhVr0G17hMLQ3O6CUCUxXG0CJkb9IaeLoCdC8c-5vWJYk1lQjQHK23cbK7FscBuuJsLvAwH748nZNQu9dsLrQHS0PsQER4K-6ANNCzz1dAigUO36_SreXWGHnuDl2B3g9ffVzuQITyTj0UUoufvDqSuseM-eifYqKWA/s512/1196679832_16th_century_Dai_Viet_portrait_of_Filipino_chieftain_Lapulapu.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="512" data-original-width="512" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIFJOt-vF8F5Jsfyhmg7SKkKRYhVr0G17hMLQ3O6CUCUxXG0CJkb9IaeLoCdC8c-5vWJYk1lQjQHK23cbK7FscBuuJsLvAwH748nZNQu9dsLrQHS0PsQER4K-6ANNCzz1dAigUO36_SreXWGHnuDl2B3g9ffVzuQITyTj0UUoufvDqSuseM-eifYqKWA/s320/1196679832_16th_century_Dai_Viet_portrait_of_Filipino_chieftain_Lapulapu.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Dai Viet</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><h2 style="text-align: justify;">Final Thoughts</h2><div style="text-align: justify;">As mentioned above, all the photos generated by the AI are not actual representations of Lapulapu. Treat it like thought experiments as to how different art styles, from the same time period, picture out Lapulapu as a historical figure with the help of technology.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Tell us what you think about it.</div>JP Canonigohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03867309680955928358noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2148827822363692190.post-91727652336157036482022-08-18T09:23:00.001+08:002023-10-04T15:04:47.326+08:00Alternate Outcomes: The Supremo Survives<div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1066" data-original-width="1200" height="568" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIoBLPh3AgKE4z7j_qJXsEBEYa299lpD9j1i_Quq207XXVlR0knG4FT0wMoILTuetlSEBgECDHpdD3ZFLFDzy72D4sbzG3BZKRq7vWdtGW5ZoRxt0ZcNM4O-27h1Rqvvqi41GZgiS-eJOv55NF4FCVIX-eLib2myqXxmgzkWlWB9gK6N2v4qUof1z_vN7I/w640-h568/23091357-screen-shot-2021-11-23-at-91239-am_cover_1200x1066.webp" width="640" /></div><div><br /></div><div><i>Editor's Note: <a href="https://www.istoryadista.net/search/label/altered%20timeline">Alternate Outcomes</a> is an article series that examines alternative outcomes to specific divergent points in historical events. It explores the 'what ifs' when a historical event goes to a different route. All the scenarios discussed here did not happen and are just mere educational speculations of what might have been.</i></div><div><br /></div><div>In the pages of history, few stories are as deeply intertwined as those of <a href="https://www.istoryadista.net/2015/06/finding-their-roots-andres-bonifacio.html">Andres Bonifacio</a> and Emilio Aguinaldo, two prominent figures in the Philippine Revolution. What if, in a twist of fate, their roles were reversed? In this alternate history, we explore <a href="https://www.istoryadista.net/2016/07/crossroads-of-historical-divergence.html">two intriguing scenarios</a>: one where Bonifacio leads the Katipunan and another where he survives to become the undisputed leader of the Philippine Republic.</div><div><br /></div><h2>Scenario 1: Bonifacio Leads the Katipunan</h2><div>In this alternate timeline, we imagine a world where the Katipunan (Magdiwang and Magdalo factions merged) elected Andres Bonifacio as its leader, setting the stage for a different course of the Philippine Revolution.</div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="768" data-original-width="1024" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeMbUnTfvzKq4ExLKwTdPTeDGTPJNbtkRK58Q6iCyn9_pZrYbMze3Yqt6PZUlwKi3yAeU9VmIUchFmA3ynIKRzPHvDYMoggLEVYqk9QWP8Vwa1uzYIbw4IvF_z_8O5T2XrEeQJmmN5qpXl4KfzKOC9VFbsuL7v2MxbC1bPw1ePUs_yF6ziA61x6G2-wDZL/w640-h480/DreamShaper_v7_Ultrahighdefinition_4K_resolution_35_mm_lens_in_1.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="640" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">At the Tejeros Convention, Bonifacio was elected as the undisputed leader of the Katipunan</td></tr></tbody></table><div><br /></div><h3>Bonifacio's Leadership</h3><div>Andres Bonifacio, known for his fiery spirit and dedication to the cause of Philippine independence, assumes the role of Supreme Leader of the Katipunan. His charismatic leadership inspires greater unity among the revolutionaries. With his populist approach, Bonifacio rallies Filipinos from all walks of life to join the struggle <a href="https://www.istoryadista.net/2012/08/why-filipinos-dont-speak-spanish-anymore.html">against Spanish colonial rule</a>.</div><div><br /></div><h3>A Different Strategy</h3><div>Under Bonifacio's leadership, the Katipunan adopted a more confrontational and militant approach. The revolutionaries prioritized guerrilla warfare and hit-and-run tactics, making it challenging for Spanish forces to maintain control. This strategy leads to a longer, more protracted struggle, but it also galvanizes the Filipino population.</div><div><br /></div><h3>International Support</h3><div>Bonifacio's reputation as a fierce and unwavering leader attracts international attention. Foreign governments and sympathizers provide material support and diplomatic recognition to the Katipunan, further bolstering the Filipino cause.</div><div><br /></div><h3>Aguinaldo's Role</h3><div>Emilio Aguinaldo, though not leading the Katipunan, still plays a crucial role as a military commander. His tactical acumen and organizational skills make him a valuable asset on the battlefield, but he operates under Bonifacio's leadership.</div><div><br /></div><h2>Scenario 2: Bonifacio Survives, Aguinaldo is Executed</h2><div>In this alternate history, we delve into a world where Bonifacio survives the attempt on his life, leading to a <a href="https://www.istoryadista.net/2020/09/david-fagen-and-african-americans-who.html">different outcome for the Philippine Republic</a>.</div><div><br /></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="768" data-original-width="1024" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCd3T6qecCBAEndobbcDn-3MOZvZh1nKcIibwwLRT4Co1eGn0MBm-UMuWBZ00FSOR-DucY0Jt9ZRUHS3R4zdVjpqMuotUEzJ4pqqX7KInan6BLs0JL2SVfMMp2F94duQ6vmSwV25plN2RqUJvSK0151hHTejqaW4Rnt5p5PDu7Dmbe1GMeoGoz2jbmGg_4/w640-h480/DreamShaper_v7_Ultrahighdefinition_4K_resolution_35_mm_lens_in_0.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="640" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Bonifacio rallied his Magdiwang supporters to oust Aguinaldo</td></tr></tbody></table><div><br /></div></div><h3>A Twist of Fate</h3><div>On the day of Bonifacio's scheduled execution, the officer tasked with carrying out the order has a change of heart. Moved by Bonifacio's resilience and dedication to the revolution, the officer decides to release him instead.</div><div><br /></div><h3>Bonifacio's Return</h3><div>Andres Bonifacio's return to the revolutionary scene is met with overwhelming support from his followers. His miraculous survival becomes a symbol of hope and his popularity soars. Bonifacio, emboldened by his escape from death, becomes even more resolute in his commitment to the cause.</div><div><br /></div><h3>Aguinaldo's Downfall</h3><div>With Bonifacio's resurgence, Aguinaldo's leadership begins to crumble. Many who previously supported Aguinaldo now shift their loyalty to Bonifacio, viewing him as the true champion of the revolution. As tensions escalate, Aguinaldo is ultimately tried and executed as a traitor to the cause.</div><div><br /></div><h3>The Unchallenged Leader</h3><div>With Aguinaldo out of the picture, Bonifacio emerges as the undisputed leader of the Philippine Republic. His vision of a united and independent Philippines gains traction and the nation rallies behind him.</div><div><br /></div><h2>The Convergence</h2><div>In both scenarios, the Philippine Revolution takes a different trajectory, characterized by Bonifacio's charismatic leadership, dedication to the cause, and unwavering commitment to Philippine independence. While the specifics of the two paths differ, both envision a Philippines that achieves its sovereignty through unity and a relentless pursuit of freedom.</div><div><br /></div><h2>The Power of Alternate Histories</h2><div>The butterfly effect, that small flutter of wings, can set in motion a sequence of events that reshape the destiny of nations. In these alternate histories, we witness how the roles and fates of Andres Bonifacio and Emilio Aguinaldo could have been reversed, illustrating the profound impact that individual choices and circumstances can have on history.</div><div><br /></div><div>As we explore these alternate paths, we are reminded of the complexity and unpredictability of history. The <a href="https://www.istoryadista.net/2023/08/that-july-day-when-we-became-free.html">Philippines' struggle for independence</a> was marked by diverse personalities and multifaceted decisions, each contributing to the nation's eventual liberation. In the end, whether through Bonifacio's leadership or his survival, the Filipino people's relentless spirit and determination remain the driving force behind their quest for freedom.</div></div>JP Canonigohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03867309680955928358noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2148827822363692190.post-30898303471548073372022-07-11T21:30:00.003+08:002023-09-26T10:52:25.269+08:00Can We Create a Sustainable Football Culture with Growth Potential?<div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="100%" data-original-width="100%" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOVlN8DjGQcS4qZOj_FEaJli1qNLUfy-6XMNri1ygVyQNGiFytLzmJR_NgbMv2gYql4htSix6bIUNhkquhxiZN8tzvylcJstUyw6ItDAXTS4WExAv9Sf8MnWXkDMLAzShCNsREjrxSaPD3WY25WL2GbFw2GIU4OxFvcZB2bJ4yfFyB2DXLSKVkkBf9jg/s16000/philippine%20football.jpg" /></div><i><br /></i></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><i>Editor’s Note: This is the second part of a series that explores the state of football in the Philippines.</i></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Some may say that football is the easiest sport to play with. You only need a ball to play it on your own or with someone else. The mechanics are straightforward, just kick the ball to the opponent's goal and score as many to win until time runs out. Yet building a football team is no easy feat. Let alone, establishing a football league and federation that will govern the sport. But it's even more difficult to grow a real "football culture" from scratch.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Whether it's the tiny country of San Marino, considered the <a href="https://www.complex.com/sports/2014/10/9-reasons-why-san-marino-worst-football-team-all-time/">worst national team in the world</a>, or Japan, the country that saw its <a href="https://nutmegassist.com/japan-football/">rise to become a football powerhouse in Asia</a>, their football culture developed in different ways. It doesn’t mean that we have to follow what Brazil, Spain, England, or the US are doing, we have to create a culture suited to our unique needs, and circumstances.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Some people may blame it on basketball’s overwhelming popularity over other sports and indeed, it can be seen that way. But we can’t just pin the blame on other sports just because football is having difficulty gaining popular support. Like any sport, it’s just a matter of perception as to why it is what it is. There are other factors that would help explain why football is just an outlier in popular sporting consciousness. That doesn't mean that there's no way to grow the sport.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><h2 style="text-align: justify;">Sowing the Seed</h2><div style="text-align: justify;">Football may seem like a simple sport yet even in informal settings, the quality varies from country to country. It may be a poor man’s sport in Brazil, Mexico, or Indonesia, but it’s not the case in the Philippines or the United States. Aspiring footballers from the latter tend to go to football academies that are often their budget.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">There is a study that showed the <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10645-020-09379-6">correlation of a country’s football supremacy with macroeconomic, demographic, and political factors</a>. Although we tend to believe that richer countries tend to perform better in the sport than poorer countries, sometimes other internal factors matter like the bigger talent pool and effective sports policies that propel some smaller and poorer countries ahead over established favorites.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">In the case of the Philippines, we have a much larger population than top footballing countries and the idea of promoting the sport extensively in the country’s educational system will help sow the seed of the sport in younger people. More importantly, we tapped into our large diaspora population of mixed Filipino-heritage and foreign-born Filipinos but the <a href="https://www.istoryadista.net/2010/12/road-to-redemption-of-philippine.html">Azkal fever</a> fueled by the likes of the Younghusband brothers and others has seemed to have fizzled out already. There needs to be a way to reignite that interest. All the foreign-based players have their reasons to play for our flag and country. A better way to incentivize their continued interest, apart from money and glory, should be the development of a football culture that will sustain the domestic league. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">How can the Philippine football stakeholders convince more of them to sacrifice their career chances in a European football league and move halfway across the world to represent their country of heritage if there is an apparent lack of football interest in the general population often associated with bad football infrastructure and unstable domestic league? Getting their participation is crucial as it brings about technology transfer and local information spillover. The Philippines has managed to catch up with our more established footballing neighbors through such initiatives. However, it won’t sustainable in the long run if we keep on depending on the foreign influx. We have to prop it up with a <a href="https://www.istoryadista.net/2021/02/coke-go-for-goal-lasting-impact-of.html">strong grassroots movement</a> and that’s something that will take a while to grow.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The study has tested key hypotheses on the national team performance (men’s and women’s football teams):</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><h3 style="text-align: justify;">#1 Better performance is linked to more economic resources</h3><div style="text-align: justify;">If the Philippines have deep pockets thanks to better corporate sponsorship agreements then there can be bigger resources devoted to further football development. However, that’s not the case here as football is not a highly-profitable sport in the country. More importantly, prospective sponsors would be looking at good ROI to be able to keep sponsoring the national team and greater football development in the country.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><h3 style="text-align: justify;">#2 Better performance is linked to a larger population</h3><div style="text-align: justify;">If you’re going to compare the Philippines with Spain or Timor Leste, surely we should have a bigger talent pool than them because of your relatively large population, not to mention our overseas communities yet this hypothesis doesn’t reflect our true footballing potential. The thing is, only 1.48% of Filipinos play football on a regular basis according to a 2022 survey. If you extrapolate the data, there are only 1.7 million people that play football in a country of 120 million. That’s simply not enough talent to find players to play for the national team.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><h3 style="text-align: justify;">#3 Better performance is linked to a higher unemployment rate</h3><div style="text-align: justify;">The study claim that football is a fundamental leisure pursuit so that people from wealthier countries tend to have less leisure time thus making the ‘cost of leisure’ higher. That means, not a lot of people will pick up the sport. While countries with higher unemployment rates will push some people to pick up the sport and develop their skills as they pursue their dreams of becoming professional footballers. Although there is a significant number of unemployed Filipinos, most tend to go to basketball in the hopes of becoming professional players since there are a lot more opportunities to earn a living in that sport.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><h3 style="text-align: justify;">#4 Better performance is linked to more developed domestic football</h3><div style="text-align: justify;">It is often believed that the quality of domestic football is associated with a strong national team. With a stable league with more clubs and players, it would mean a more developed local footballing infrastructure and higher skilled players.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">One key takeaway from the study is that the total number of football clubs in a country has a positive impact on a national team’s performance, while the number of domestic competitions has a negative, though insignificant, effect.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><h2 style="text-align: justify;">Choosing the Best Football Development Model</h2><div style="text-align: justify;">Many countries that were late to the global football game have implemented different models to boost their country’s footballing competitiveness. One of the popular models is technology transfer with the inclusion of foreigners and heritage players. Some countries have abused it to the point of giving citizenship to people with no link to the country at all.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><h3 style="text-align: justify;">The Diaspora Model</h3><div style="text-align: justify;">It all gave rise to football mercenaries from rich footballing countries to developing ones. It can be explained by the fact that some countries have so many talents that players not included in their national team are still good enough to be the best player in another national team. You will see Brazilians playing for a lot of countries and assuming countless citizenships for fame and fortune.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The Premier League has been successful as it opened the league to foreign players thereby making it the most lucrative football league in the world. A lot of the local players have upped their game to keep up with the influx of foreign players. Soon, most of the major football leagues in the world have adopted a lot of foreign players. As long as it’s done right with sustainability in mind, football in those countries would grow.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The case of the Philippines is unique even if some of our neighbors say we’re using all foreigners in our national team. We have dual nationality laws and also allow <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blog/post/edit/2148827822363692190/6578832274878131306">foreigners of Filipino heritage</a> to reacquire one of their parents’ original nationality. However, as mentioned above, dependence on this model won’t be sustainable without a solid grassroots program to complement the influx of foreign talents.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><h3 style="text-align: justify;">The J-League Model</h3><div style="text-align: justify;">Although Japan is one of the earliest footballing nations in Asia, they were the Philippines' earliest rivals alongside China. The Japanese Football Association was established in 1921, 14 years after the Philippine Football Federation was born. Yet club football in that country was already as old as those in the industrialized world as the Yokohama Country & Athletic Club played against the Kobe Regatta & Athletic Club on February 18, 1888. They regularly competed in the Far Eastern Games (forerunner of the Asian Games) and they became one of the first Asian countries to beat a European team (they beat Sweden 3-2 in the <a href="https://www.istoryadista.net/2011/07/forgotten-athletes-pinoys-in-hitlers.html">1936 Olympics</a>).</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">However, football has never caught the public imagination as compared to baseball, where it is celebrated like a religion alongside sumo. Their first attempt at a national league failed with the Japan Soccer League in 1965-1992. It was only in 1993 when the J.League was finally established. From that moment on, football in Japan has grown in leaps and bounds. Unlike the defunct JSL, the J.League is fully professionalized as it left the old corporate team structure with amateur players. This time, top clubs from the old league were absorbed and reorganized to fit communities with the corporate identity reduced. If you come to think of it, Philippine sports teams tend to be corporate in nature as team names used the corporate sponsor’s name and did not adopt or represent a community. It took a while before Japan fully transitioned to a <a href="https://www.istoryadista.net/2015/08/adopting-football-league-structure-in.html">community-based home-away format</a>.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">As the league implemented higher standards than before, it has attracted more spectators which helped increase its popularity. It also offered incentives to amateur non-company clubs to become part of the league with no major backing from a company like the case of prefectural teams Albirex Niigata and Oita Trinita. This is something difficult to implement in a Philippine setting due to the prohibitive costs of running a club without substantial financial support. The J.League may have a money pot from all competing teams to help finance the entry of amateur clubs into the football pyramid.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">It wasn’t smooth sailing for the league in the beginning as they were depending on big-name foreign stars to prop up the league. As soon as the Asian financial crisis hit the country, many of these stars left and a lot of clubs suffered financial distress. As a result, the league decided to find other ways to grow and sustain it.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">They established the so-called “J-League 100-Year Vision” that aims to achieve 100 professional football clubs by 2092. That means a grassroots movement has to push more stakeholders to create more clubs than before with finances from cities or prefectures rather than from companies. To accommodate more clubs, it has to expand the football pyramid by creating a second division J2 League in 1999. Having a local government unit owning a football club supported by fans is the ideal formula but that would be impossible in our situation as politicians tend to use sports teams for self-promotion or to whitewash illicit funds.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The key to their success is the strict implementation of professionalism so that clubs are organized as a public corporation solely devoted to football. It has to meet certain administrative and financial targets from annual tax audits to soccer schools and youth systems.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">It may sound complex that may prevent those who want to venture into owning clubs but it works well as it prevents clubs from filing bankruptcy or dissolving completely.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><h3 style="text-align: justify;">The Money Model</h3><div style="text-align: justify;">Some countries have let money do the talking, something the Philippines won't be able to do. Yet, we see it as a unique model that the Chinese Super League and the Qatar Stars League have implemented with contrasting results for both. The CSL imploded as the enormous cost of running football clubs that recruited a lot of expensive foreign signings to fall flat. It didn’t help when the pandemic hurt a lot of the corporate owners of these clubs.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><h3 style="text-align: justify;">The La Liga Model</h3><div style="text-align: justify;">If there is a football league that has a deep connection to Philippine football that most of us rarely recognize then it is Spain’s La Liga. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blog/post/edit/2148827822363692190/6578832274878131306">Real Madrid and Barcelona</a> should probably ring a bell to you. But it’s more than just these clubs.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">As one of the oldest leagues in the world, the La Liga reinvented itself to go along with globalization without getting rid of its age-old values. It went international as a change in mentality thereby creating an international network to export their football model. They put a premium on their league’s heritage to capture the interests of footballers all over the world. They utilize the availability of digital technology to become one of the most tech-savvy leagues in the world.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><h3 style="text-align: justify;">The Major League Model</h3><div style="text-align: justify;">When you talk about American sports, it's all about sports franchises. Teams compete in a closed system where there is no promotion-relegation. Every team, regardless of performance, is given chances to compete and rise in the season standings with draft picks for the bad teams. This model is the complete antithesis of European sports.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Although there was a football league (soccer as they call it) in the United States with the establishment of the American Football Association, it never became a huge success as compared with the big four - MLB (baseball), NFL (football), NHL (hockey), and NBA (basketball). They had the North American Soccer League that brought Pele, Franz Beckenbauer, Carlos Alberto, and other stars of that era but it soon folded. It is Major League Soccer (MLS) that has brought football to the mainstream. Although lower divisions have survived like the United Soccer League (USL) and new teams were added to the MLS, there’s no promotion-relegation yet.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Perhaps, this is the most familiar setup that would be viable in the Philippine setting but a few more tweaks might be needed to ensure it would work.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><h2 style="text-align: justify;">Key Principles</h2><div style="text-align: justify;">Once the football stakeholders find the best development model that will work in our setting, they have to consider three key principles:</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><h3 style="text-align: justify;">Our Unique Culture is the Best Starting Point</h3><div style="text-align: justify;">The Filipino culture has unique characteristics that would fit well in a football club setting. However, transplanting a foreign culture and expecting it to be successfully adapted without the proper context and deeper understanding of the existing culture won't work. That means the All Blacks won’t be what they are without their Haka or Barca won’t be a recognizable football club without their distinctive Blaugrana colors.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The recognizable or positive aspects of the culture should form the identity of the team. At the end of the day, the continued growth and popularity of the sport if the national team is not a representation of the ideas and beliefs of its people.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><h3 style="text-align: justify;">Developing a Lasting Culture Takes Time</h3><div style="text-align: justify;">Culture is defined by the society and the people in that society are the most difficult stumbling blocks to developing a lasting football culture. As much as Filipinos are passionate sports fans, many can be demanding with a win-now mentality. In fact, today’s society is increasingly geared towards instant and on-demand to the point that any long-term strategy can be derailed by occasional short-term defeats or failures.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">A cultural shift relies on a long-term strategy initiated by the stakeholders looking for a significant and lasting impact on the growth of the sport. It is important to have an impact on the younger population to help the new football culture take root. Treat the Philippines as a country looking to build a football culture from scratch, it is better this way to start a clean slate.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">One of the perennial problems in the growth of football in the country is the apparent lack of direct access to the sport and the national team. That means the PFF has to ensure that football is visible in the mainstream media to the point it becomes part of the collective sporting consciousness. The national team has to participate in regular fixtures and the talented players should have clear pathways to potentially forge long-term careers and become role models for future generations. More importantly, any football fan should be able to access the game - watch, play, or participate - regardless of age or background.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">With consistency for a long period of time, football will become the most popular sport and that’s where a real football culture will develop. It will take a lot of time, effort, resources, and long-term planning.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><h3 style="text-align: justify;">Change Should Be Driven by the Passionate and Selfless</h3><div style="text-align: justify;">As mentioned earlier, developing a football culture requires a deeper understanding of the national culture and consistent and continuous development for a long time. It is only fitting to have people who understand the unique needs and requirements to propel it forward. They are the people who have vested interests in the positive growth of the game.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">We understand that there will always be a need for an outsider to leave an imprint on the sport. That’s some countries hire foreign coaches or naturalize foreign players to play for the national team. The coach should utilize and enhance the homegrown players’ skills while also imparting valuable knowledge to further develop their game. Naturalized and foreign-born players should complement homegrown players’ playing styles thereby creating a hybrid team identity. The technical director should develop long-term strategies and ensure the growth of the grassroots programs, player development, and coach training and education. In the end, the local personnel would benefit from the skills and technology transfer so they can continue the program in the long term moving forward.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>References:</b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10645-020-09379-6">“Why are We So Good At Football, and They So Bad? Institutions and National Footballing Performance,”</a></i></b> by Meshael Batarfi & James Reade. De Economist.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><a href="https://playerdevelopmentproject.com/creating-football-culture/">Creating a Football Culture.</a></b> Player Development Project.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><a href="https://comparativemigrationstudies.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40878-019-0118-6">“Has the World Cup become more migratory? A comparative history of foreign-born players in national football teams, c. 1930-2018,”</a></i></b> by Gijs van Campenhout, Jacco van Sterkenburg & Gijsbert Oonk.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><a href="https://nutmegassist.com/japan-football/">“The Model that saved Football in Japan and made it an Asian Powerhouse,”</a></i></b> by Gabrielle Anello.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><a href="https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/football/fifa-u-17-world-cup-2017/2017/oct/09/the-inside-story-of-japans-rise----a-comic-book-a-tv-show-technical-skills-and-a-retired-american-1668996.html">“The inside story of Japan's rise -- a comic book, a TV show, technical skills and a retired American footballer,”</a></i></b> by Swaroop Swaminathan. The New Indian Express.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><a href="https://footballwhispers.com/blog/25-years-j-league-japan-became-asias-first-football-superpower/">25 years of the J-League: How Japan became Asia’s first football superpower.</a></b> Football Whispers.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><a href="https://johancruyffinstitute.com/en/blog-en/football-business/laliga-is-a-good-case-study-as-a-business-model/">“LaLiga is a good case study as a business model.”</a></i></b> Johan Cruyff Institute.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><a href="https://playerdevelopmentproject.com/creating-football-culture/">“Creating a Football Culture,”</a></i></b> by Drew Sherman. Player Development Project.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><a href="https://www.vice.com/en/article/78ygmb/the-philippines-imported-national-soccer-team">“The Philippines' Imported National Soccer Team,”</a></i></b> by Jack Kerr. Vice News.</span></div>JP Canonigohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03867309680955928358noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2148827822363692190.post-54781060708341395452022-07-09T08:49:00.011+08:002023-09-26T10:52:25.270+08:00Can We Make Football (in the Philippines) Great Again?<div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="100%" data-original-width="100%" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh16DoMawuTx1GvZz_XOvKjKwjyaSc-r_mcOPBCDzDGHR99MCiYaWTCB89g1sAxuuMW6z3HdSWOqxr9-UWe1qTYRfVSd-QMUV4NVDh6G74VVPUP0qNzoCKagdpnbzDrIXmuEezIvH14fHZvibuudrdY-Ns4qpIBU35LCNjGP2xWyR_MYrf91J_Lcly2Gg/s16000/womens%20football.jpg" /></div><br /><i><br /></i></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><i>Editor’s Note: This is the first part of a series that explores the state of football in the Philippines.</i></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Just as the Women’s National Football Team is celebrating its success in qualifying for the 2023 FIFA Women’s World Cup in Australia and New Zealand, there’s an echo that reverberates from the past. We’re talking past glories when football reigned supreme in the archipelago. Wouldn’t you believe it? We were a footballing nation then. We were one of the earliest countries in the region to play and excel in the sport that the world loves.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Forget basketball as it took a while to take root. <a href="https://www.istoryadista.net/2019/10/the-good-old-days-lost-history-of.html">Football came here first</a> and it’s like a birthright we end up choosing to forget as remnants of a bygone era. The success of this sport, under our country’s name and banner, was made possible by the incredible footballers of the past from the <a href="https://www.istoryadista.net/2011/04/el-rompe-redes-paulino-alcantara.html">greatest of all time Paulino Alcantara</a>, the indomitable Elmer Bedia, the ever-dependable Chieffy Caligdong, or the fan-favorite Phil Younghusband. We’re no longer the forgettable whipping boys from a footballing minnow when the arrival of Filipino heritage players to help jumpstart the forgotten football program in the country. It culminated with the most famous victory of all - the Miracle of Hanoi.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">It was a watershed moment in the sport as it helped propelled its popularity among the mainstream basketball-loving sports fan. Yet it has never fully endeared itself as eventually, the popularity lost its traction and end up as a passing fad for conyo, fairweather, and bandwagon fans. Even the Malditas arrival on the world stage didn’t help that much as there is still a lot of work to do to develop a vibrant footballing culture in the country. Obviously, we can’t do it overnight but we can build upon these successes to propel it back to the mainstream.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The question remains, is it possible for a non-footballing country to grow the global game in a country that associates it with the upper class? Is it possible for Filipino fans to fall in love with a sport with relatively different competition mechanics and apparent “slow scoring” games?</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><h2 style="text-align: justify;">Understanding the Filipino Psyche</h2><div style="text-align: justify;">Before we go down the nitty-gritty details of how to grow a sport in a country that doesn’t know much about it, we have to understand what a typical Filipino sports fan thinks. Regardless of cultural background, sports fans always want winners and that reflects in our case.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">According to two separate surveys by the Social Weather Station, Filipinos are proud when the country performs well at the global level with 72% in 2008 and 95% in 2019. The numbers show that our national football team should get that high level of support right? Yet, the Azkals and <a href="https://sportsbytes.com.ph/2022/01/23/focus-on-historic-milestones-not-monicker-malditas-proponent-says/">Malditas</a>, to a certain extent, are still playing in almost empty arenas even at home. The global pandemic may have a hand on it yet it has been that way since the razzmatazz of the Miracle of Hanoi fever finally wore out.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">A 2021 survey has shown that basketball remains the most popular team sport Filipinos are regularly engaged in playing. Down on the 16th spot is football as fishing and darts are even more popular than it. Quite telling how the sport fell from the top down to the muddy bottom of Filipino sporting life.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">It’s not that the Filipino hate football, they just don’t understand it and even if they do, there’s what you called ‘watch fatigue.’ We are used to frenetic, high-impact, high-scoring, and high-stakes sporting events, whether it’s watching Gilas Pilipinas play or rooting for your favorite fighting rooster in the cockpit.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">People don’t understand a sport that goes on a scoreless draw or when fans celebrate even on a 0-1 losing scoreline in a two-leg series. There’s a low attention span in a near-continuous 90- to 120-minute match. Most people don’t even understand offside, stoppage time, and even penalties. Many hate antics like diving, simulation, flopping, and all the chirping around the pitch. They don’t know what ultras, tifos, and all the colorful, intriguing, and fascinating choreos are.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Filipinos need to grow with the sport and not the sport taking everyone on its back. It has to be organic to make sport intrinsically Filipino. We have to develop our own unique culture and not force foreign football culture down our throats. Yet there’s still the <a href="https://www.scmp.com/sport/football/article/2181099/afc-asian-cup-half-breed-pilipinas-players-symbolise-what-it-means-be">lingering issue of race politics</a> in Filipino sporting culture as there is a rift between embracing foreign and promoting local talents. There are sectors of the population that questions the identity of foreign-born players by naming them as “Fil-Ams” or “half-breeds” while some wanted “100% Filipino” or “Pure Pinoys.” More importantly, there is also a disconnect (particularly in basketball) as some favor homegrown players but wanted to embrace Filipino heritage and naturalized foreign players. That hotly-debated issue never seems to die down and it’s one of the things that holds back the full adoption of the sport.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Die-hard fans hate losing yet it is part of the Filipino netizen culture to unashamedly bash the team or certain players and coaches when the national team loses. Oftentimes, the unhealthy obsession of expecting the team to win at all costs can take its toll on the growth of the sport. Many end up abandoning the support of the team overnight when things don’t go well or are uncertain.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><h2 style="text-align: justify;">Embracing Change</h2><div style="text-align: justify;">Let’s face it, the world is very much different these days as it’s now possible to see world-class football on a regular basis. The influx of talent from foreign-based Filipino heritage players will boost the sport for good. Yet there are still limits as the <a href="https://www.istoryadista.net/2021/02/coke-go-for-goal-lasting-impact-of.html">grassroots and homegrown programs</a> should keep up with it. Adopt what works well from elsewhere while also providing the unique needs of Philippine football.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The Philippine Football Federation (PFF) should expand the grassroots program by making different regional and provincial football fully integrated with each other so that the best teams and talents across the country will be able to compete against each other on a regular basis. Regular call-ups of promising talents from these regions should be prioritize in order to create a solid foundation for the national team. The foreign-based talents should be more like a force multiplier to an existing core of homegrown players and not the other way around that we’re all used to. Establish links with other football organizations and federations to strengthen domestic football.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Another possibility is to reorganize the footballing structure by decentralizing it. Create football hubs out of the football hotspots like Bacolod, Iloilo, Cebu, Davao, etc. Create a footballing pyramid by starting with the city- or provincial-based leagues. Top teams from that leagues should be elevated in a more decentralized upper-tier league, perhaps a separate Luzon, Metro Manila, Visayas, and Mindanao leagues to minimize travel costs.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">As for the Philippines Football League (and the <a href="https://dribbble.com/shots/4460285-The-PFF-Women-s-League">PFF Women’s League</a>), it should be reorganized to accommodate the lower tiers in the pyramid. It can be tricky as the PFF has very stringent measures in place to bring new teams into the league. Perhaps they can relax some of these measures to make it easier for new teams to play. Although, long-term viability is an important consideration.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">It would be possible to limit promotion-relegation and home-away formats for now. Although the football pyramid is decentralized, games can be played in a more centralized location while football infrastructure catches up as the sport grows.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>References:</b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><a href="http://www.sws.org.ph/swsmain/artcldisppage/?artcsyscode=ART-20151217111230"><span style="font-size: x-small;">SWS Sports Survey: 93% feel proud when RP does well in world sports; 91% call it important to compete in the Olympics</span></a></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://www.manilatimes.net/2019/12/12/latest-stories/breakingnews/sws-95-of-filipinos-proud-when-ph-does-well-in-international-sports/663725">SWS: 95% of Filipinos proud when PH does well in international sports</a></b><span style="font-size: small;">. Manila Times.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><a href="https://www.statista.com/statistics/932948/philippines-regular-participation-in-sports-by-type/"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Philippines: What sports do you regularly participate in?</span></a></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b style="font-size: small;"><i><a href="https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=8S1BLVPZqOsC&pg=PA248&lpg=PA248&dq=selling+football+to+non-footballing+countries&source=bl&ots=Xqdawu0grj&sig=ACfU3U0f1uOmqQzcMoZD6LnOs3rDWSaUqw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj7rM-gu-r4AhWdTmwGHdWLDJU4ChDoAXoECAIQAw#v=onepage&q=selling%20football%20to%20non-footballing%20countries&f=false">“Football Goes East: Business, Culture and the People's Game in East Asia,”</a></i></b><span style="font-size: small;"> by John Horne and Wolfram Manzenreiter</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b style="font-size: small;"><i><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10645-020-09379-6">“Why are We So Good At Football, and They So Bad? Institutions and National Footballing Performance,”</a></i></b><span style="font-size: small;"> by Meshael Batarfi & James Reade. De Economist.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b style="font-size: small;"><i><a href="https://www.scmp.com/sport/football/article/2181099/afc-asian-cup-half-breed-pilipinas-players-symbolise-what-it-means-be">“AFC Asian Cup: ‘half-breed’ Pilipinas Azkals symbolise what it means to be Filipino, says former AFC official,”</a></i></b><span style="font-size: small;"> by Nazvi Careem. South China Morning Post.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://publications.fifa.com/en/vision-report-2021/the-football-landscape/">The Football Landscape</a></b><span style="font-size: small;">. FIFA.</span></div>JP Canonigohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03867309680955928358noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2148827822363692190.post-23905839643939067892022-06-11T14:32:00.004+08:002023-09-26T11:32:42.197+08:00Cebuano Food Origins: Siomai - From Mongolia to Tisa<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="800" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgN9CWFU3SZ8yoNlbjpfA96VPJQ_U0fTGaBCWicWhi-DPHq2NOjMcjV5ARaVdDDickKZOqiV2BKWYts3-K3EcJmbtEqPHUmH9YlBpmrzp_GEwgCbXU4A12qcirnRf5cXdTmIE4ehE1Dst6mG9ktv-RyTZLCDRZ4t8MO36wMuqmzzjz4YfMObGhN6jxHFQ/w640-h480/siomai.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="640" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">*Not an actual Mongolian</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><i>Editor's Notes: This is a special series that tries to trace the historical origins of Cebu's most favorite and iconic food. Cebuano cuisine is a unique subculture in the greater Filipino gastronomy that requires a deeper dive into the historical, social, and cultural aspects of its roots. <a href="https://twitter.com/search?q=cebuanofoodorigins">#CebuanoFoodOrigins</a></i></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><h2 style="text-align: justify;"><b>Introduction</b></h2><div style="text-align: justify;">Many Cebuano dishes and street food have <a href="https://www.istoryadista.net/2020/03/finding-their-roots-do-i-have-chinese.html">Chinese roots</a> due to its long historical ties with China and the subsequent Chinese diaspora in the late 1850s up to the early 1900s. Many of these immigrants have brought their unique food culture from their homeland and many have started their livelihood by selling their favorite dishes. While some of their dishes tried to stay true to what it was back in the old country, many of their dishes have soon evolved to fit the <a href="https://www.istoryadista.net/2011/08/inuman-at-pulutan-filipino-love-affair.html">taste profile of the Filipinos</a>.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="651" data-original-width="912" height="456" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIfB3Kq8KfEy6h59grT8BeOcENN0J5CGCnu9mr6J0Tu9iFl_N4WgUoOTEE-19x32XIRWNK2n5OeUKDv8IkPKnbOTGc39Sqb7bI-LpdQyXYul9TqiAVjVAOKDiP1mvxz46ACGGcZtHXKTsdzgKveYnqK4z5tixwjugg4kp7cZ6dpqFu7O9ETW22jW-GkA/w640-h456/chinese-settlers.jpg" width="640" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Many Chinese earned a living by hawking food on the streets</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">It is also important to note that many of these immigrants have found it difficult to get some of the key ingredients of authentic Chinese cuisine (including different regional varieties - Cantonese, Hokkien, Teochew, etc.) that they know in their newly-adopted country so their versions eventually embraced different local ingredients so that the fusion versions have become the dishes we all know and love. One of the many Chinese-Filipino dishes that have become favorites is 'Siomai sa Tisa.' It has become an institution in the Cebuano food scene.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Most Cebuanos don't know that it has gone a very long way to become what it is right now.</div><h2 style="text-align: justify;">Origin Story</h2><div style="text-align: justify;">We tend to think that siomai is a Chinese-Filipino fusion food and it is justified since the former brought it here and the locals fell in love. Yet its true roots lay somewhere further away - in Mongolia. Yes, Inner Mongolia to be exact.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="908" data-original-width="1356" height="428" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidKXD1tesRFOPAw_yoL6-wX6wdp5MYpm-M-x9cxFDhJqnXUC8hPt-ZqSKESKbfri0j32WVe7GDRDB5QE41c_1beyls1jaOtFS7WRzbKBKuSCxkBpFOun1mnFkFMLiXssdVS2-J_HVFKX-_fGoVZCyVjmVmgFBR-93w5RFQy4MqpyQnMeFgqKLUVsXRJg/w640-h428/dimsum.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="640" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">The Chinese embraced the siomai and eventually brought it to our shores</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">What is now a go-to street food available all day long was once an obscure side dish served along with hot tea. Although dim sum cuisine originated during the Eastern Jin Dynasty (317-420), a lot of the component dishes (from dumplings to spring rolls) were developed centuries later. Although Mongols were nomadic people and consumed only meat and dairy products, they soon adopted the food of the more sedentary Han Chinese when they eventually conquered the Middle Kingdom.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">In old historical accounts, it was known as 'shao mai' (捎賣; 捎卖) which meant 'sold as a sideline' as early as the <a href="https://www.istoryadista.net/2018/02/the-lost-story-of-sulu-sultan-in-ming.html">Ming Dynasty (1368-1644)</a>. By this time, the decrepit rule of the Yuans (Mongol dynasty) in China had collapsed and the new rulers had shed themselves of their Mongol influence.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="430" data-original-width="600" height="458" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_xhbUhRtNgJ4poK0nmJIoGUeJK2zII9V7YLgE7J2EW67JDLWFO5oIWIiVFE-xerN6fYZmBPnE3Wg7xhK33RIKnFqXzP8WcIlaYUcBj4ypsB041XfxUFLs5TzGVpzvJrGRb_c5OT2TT-NT4aU6fujqIE7Ac8_EYnhBTwVOZyZmiSh6wzU9yJRLSH_jsw/w640-h458/yuan%20dynasty.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="640" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Shao mai became one of the centerpieces in dim sum cuisine</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br />Yet some of the Mongol culinary dishes managed to merge with mainstream Chinese cuisine and soon spread further south. From its roots in Hohhot in today's Inner Mongolia, it was brought to Beijing and Tianjin thanks to enterprising Shanxi merchants. By the late Qing Dynasty (1644-1911), China was already in turmoil due to widespread peasant revolts, political instabilities, and the arrival of foreign powers looking to carve up their lands into different spheres of influence. Many Chinese have ended up migrating elsewhere in search of better lives.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Siomai also went overseas with them and by the time it reached our shores, it had evolved to what it is today.</div><h3 style="text-align: justify;">Why Tisa?</h3><div style="text-align: justify;">Although we have associated the Cebuano-style siomai with Tisa in Labangon. There is no clear historical basis to suggest if it really originated in this part of Cebu. We have to understand that most of the Chinese immigrants were relegated to their <a href="https://www.istoryadista.net/2020/06/going-around-cebus-spanish-era-streets.html">own ghetto in the Parian district</a> during the Spanish times. Although many of them later enjoyed greater social mobility by the time the Americans were in charge, there is a relatively no records to suggest that Tisa is the provenance of this favorite street food.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">It is interesting to point out that fast-food Chinese is not authentic Chinese cuisine, it's more like fusion cuisine.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="960" data-original-width="1280" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDn_stezUtSx1MLdU1aAs1BI3Mpkz3CzS13CNz5YeC6timZYq4rpQXcmFWYMqPCEBWY8LrkachcQp9MG8UGfh-nMkyDR2DpBBPaSjFuN_eTo73Jkuv7i4XcCcqUIomjrsB7yJdernVkQREhRygdPy6-VB93Zh-C0XMmRk6DKY-jPhUQz9zmaKiIMPkBg/w640-h480/siomai%20sa%20tisa%20store.jpeg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="640" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">You can have siomai for breakfast or a late-night snack</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">One thing is for certain, Tisa is the culinary hotspot of this dish. The 'siomai sa Tisa' branding may have been born out of the desire to distinguish their own take on this classic Chinese (albeit Mongolian) dish over their competitors. So it would be more of a branding practice rather than a historical creation. The transition from its 'original' state to the modernized version took some time.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Finding out which came first between the chicken and the egg can be a long argument. As the siomai from that area has become a popular destination through the years, people have learned to identify it with that brand identity as their dumplings are distinct from other products thanks to its special chilli sauce made from minced garlic, chopped chilli pepper, and oil.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="176" data-original-width="287" height="392" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1KWPAEkWV0zr22nbpRV5PfDGftKKQCN28U3d-SnyUhkPiJ-__2PqStpP1-WpDmtu_iFpVVBXJc8jjZyv_ve8XNkft2BP1P8LNSRagRNrFBLOLqympzZguaXwDVS2SakhY3psGOPMvcg3tEPLAqYGXqV7rugyJ4uu0rKJbipjVIsg2Zu0-ozCbqjLVmQ/w640-h392/siomai%20logo.jpeg" width="640" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Some competitors even adopted the logo as their own</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">It is said that Julmer Food Ventures, founded by Elmer and Julie Parba, has developed the 'D'Original Siomai sa Tisa' brand and many competitors tried to associate themselves with it by attaching "original" in their own branding. It was only in 2001 when the siomai's profile grew as snack house owner Jeffrey Quillosa introduced it to go well with their in-house halo-halo.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The overwhelming popularity of this dish has led local officials to dub their place the 'Siomai Capital of Cebu.' They also organized a Siomai festival around it to cash in on the potential culinary tourism value of the popular street food.</div><h2 style="text-align: justify;">The 'Siomai' Multiverse</h2><div style="text-align: justify;">We're all familiar with the 'Siomai sa Tisa' yet there are a lot of variants of it across different countries and cultures. We can't say siomai is ours, there are interesting versions of it that you may have to know about.</div><h3 style="text-align: justify;">Chinese Variants</h3><div style="text-align: justify;">It is interesting to point out that there is no such thing as a standard Chinese siomai, to begin with, as there are a lot of regional variations as well.</div><h4 style="text-align: justify;">Cantonese siumaai</h4><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="801" data-original-width="1200" height="428" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiihRCgqRZxm9unsB9UTplLHZPBb9Rn-yp7Z9Ld9rR_peN_uC17HQVQJ3WWJgMC5jQtK4ERel7DT6NmoKCybUeYe9tcW0D1oj2Brkl75uXrzUehieTqpS5r1_oIQW2MpY7ICgHfanm3EAIR_b5GM-JNkHjVuBK3I41KhLKTXp5j7vFmOj_B43_9bcNlw/w640-h428/cantonese.jpg" width="640" /></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">This is perhaps the most popular version and is considered the 'real' Chinese siomai that the world knows about. It consists primarily of ground pork, small whole or chopped shrimp, Chinese black mushroom, scallion, and ginger then seasoned with Chinese rice wine, soy sauce, sesame oil, and chicken stock.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Other versions include ingredients such as bamboo shoots, water chestnuts, and pepper. The wrapping is made of a thin sheet of lye water dough, which is either yellow or white. It is garnished with an orange (made from crab roe or diced carrot) or a green dot (made from pea).</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><h4>Hohhot shaomai</h4><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlRc388HBxbNxyB1oE-uS_ijzRERQ-nSY1RL6Wb6lEODb4388GA93Soc9qRpizrXdgYNQC-wMXq2ywZj_1nuEav1B8Fswow4SyEK7EosHvO85GK2XZ4kAPGTyKrVFAsRth1k1S4lkwqqLiBFu-KgLtY5s3TQ7B21dkfyfHmL03IOA4p4dewhZt0B58Uw/s420/mongolian.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="280" data-original-width="420" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlRc388HBxbNxyB1oE-uS_ijzRERQ-nSY1RL6Wb6lEODb4388GA93Soc9qRpizrXdgYNQC-wMXq2ywZj_1nuEav1B8Fswow4SyEK7EosHvO85GK2XZ4kAPGTyKrVFAsRth1k1S4lkwqqLiBFu-KgLtY5s3TQ7B21dkfyfHmL03IOA4p4dewhZt0B58Uw/w640-h426/mongolian.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div>In Inner Mongolia, their shaomai mainly consists of chopped or minced mutton, scallion, and ginger with wrappings made from a very thin, round sheet of unleavened dough. It has a dense consistency with a slightly spicy taste and is often served with vinegar and tea.</div><h4>Uyghur shaomai</h4></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="933" data-original-width="1400" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3FZU8yQGpeL0ZBAP77p-F4BSQv1QZbDrRB0cpex8znY1_weANa-6x2TbwMNmcC1kIhfjNxjd4gDjR-DXXFC05GpxX7VAjMnd0I_qy8ruBH7VEelKRaFzDfUw5ujVSnQNdU4GtuVSdWRoj2Mz_AnJmx_Kv6unYPlx_j_dO759Ryj4AuDQwcXwjq2zEHQ/w640-h426/uyghur.jpg" width="640" /></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Somewhat similar to the Mongolian variants, the Uyghurs have two variants: the northern version consists of mutton or beef, along with green onion and radish; the southern version consists of glutinous rice with minimal mutton or beef.</div><h4 style="text-align: justify;">Juhua shaomai</h4><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="851" data-original-width="1280" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxN1251g1CIelOCoIJ-iNn0DAqqvNpiGq4CEKCu0KxJcFcoRw1anQAGriQrA2StSRoYTT9JWPcyEU5wztnG2VGrIuUgLtM-8S0_5mn_DZVCNRaiXg_XdwmjpS_nS7sh3zC95VIPkZJrli3aDyTctbh0bThyBHev0bTiqqR0oVQ-gvo0alFiTZB3luqvA/w640-h426/juhua.jpg" width="640" /></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">In Hunan province, their shaomai has a very distinctive opening that closely resembles the chrysanthemum flower petal shape. It has a peppery flavor on a translucent wrapper filled with glutinous rice, pork hash, shrimp, shiitake mushrooms bamboo shoots, and onion.</div><h4 style="text-align: justify;">Jiangnan shaomai</h4><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="367" data-original-width="550" height="428" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTMFFe-PARpctW78BeZgUvbx541BaSsDbpdky36_DqOVWf3mESCg_GzK6UkXpjexEhZKVn_YL7uOXK8spH2T_OKGpAGVhnQoBlb9XUcaprtfKHKpdRZTRm-qr1Z-f6sKI8V5pVFA0xQTHBxIVNmRVoZWVSj63p1lPKimVXs4oX8Wt7S0ogu8rT7jngMA/w640-h428/jiangnan.jpg" width="640" /></div><br />From Shanghai to Nanjing, their shaomai is much larger than their Cantonese counterparts. Its filling contains marinated pork pieces in glutinous rice, soy sauce, and Shaoxing wine, steamed with pork fat. The ones in Shanghai have stir-fried shiitake mushrooms and onions.</div><h4 style="text-align: justify;">Yifeng shaomai</h4><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="401" data-original-width="602" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwKsHqejUe_qZUXVE38_-ubCTLAWf4Yx7zRxLnRtajyDuTYuGakDIKPpWbOB4giLpjSPfWPe_4uoAlVhqGRFp1g1FTu3G3DSeSt-sl_OsLH2z47165nJ15dBRyztZGGYURWT9CU4kdVsjUr5_s30VCvyTxTeAFqBJegxJHXEUfma7DGYzvvMJ_s1e4pQ/w640-h426/yifeng.jpeg" width="640" /></div><br />In the southeastern Jiangxi province, their shaomai has a distinct flavor from a blend of minced pork, bread flour, sesame seed powder, ground pepper, and sugar.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><h3 style="text-align: justify;">Foreign Variants</h3><div style="text-align: justify;">Shaomai eventually spread to other countries, including the Philippines, and soon, new variants developed in Japan, Indonesia, and Vietnam.</div><h4 style="text-align: justify;">Japanese shūmai</h4><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="714" data-original-width="1000" height="456" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvOXtDZGszbjDKQpPH02_rCwf5v6CkXUYt23U5Pd_CW-5VDqxFjI6wTrlelJmbKpsqLNFdsJG8uZrc74PBUvOsk4L2UTlNIzZToaZkiibojgWjEZlauZ0QFxPLZWRm4d4wlzJjmBce3Wda_CvsP7t9nVu3Ld4k9o-eUn0MflIRfoXeISwxIbe91Xh9vw/w640-h456/japanese.jpg" width="640" /></div><br />In Japan, shūmai is mainly made from pork and onion and then topped with green pea. Unlike the minced meat used in the Chinese variants, the Japanese ground the meat into paste.</div><h4 style="text-align: justify;">Indonesian siomay</h4><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="408" data-original-width="612" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmAYTS6M00KJ3vNkMNeWKgU0fbJ606EAbSwItAzh7SpByg_xHBx-hI2dTULoNNrsBDu1gUmsdQyLFmJ9fwDWv06OODdjfbxF5ix-eXBv1HEpvaoMBsuAs34j05Rb9nTyigISTCKVdfKta3s_1n1uvoW42SVNkP5pthlMKv49ihzPrjZSFJhRVZdYhSnw/w640-h426/indonesian.jpg" width="640" /></div><br />In Muslim-majority Indonesia (and even, Malaysia), siomay is usually made from various fishes like wahoo and mackerel. It is served also with steamed potatoes, tofu, hard-boiled eggs, steamed bitter gourd, and cabbages, all are sliced and topped with peanut sauce and kecap manis (sweet soy sauce).</div><h4 style="text-align: justify;">Vietnamese xíu mại</h4><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="683" data-original-width="1024" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgW8eAAi6nc_XbyPXOhpWg8NCaCQC8Z1fYUYx1rbUDdtZx-EG3zJyLQDBOXVMNp9mSdJFCPfCCIPlcAPnldeBiXEVFXB-J1f6g3HRy9GdXmadMIgKMPgtBjVjR2OiE_0WGbeyDV2hJZV7lEPsfCBcB19ljKyoPjQRvNEFxxRxLkmFV2nUF5bYFoe1XkpQ/w640-h426/vietnamese.jpg" width="640" /></div><br />Although heavily influenced by the Chinese, the Vietnamese xíu mại is made from minced pork, onion, scallion, and shredded bread cooked with tomato sauce. It resembles more like a meatball as it is usually served with a roll of bánh mì.</div><h2 style="text-align: justify;">Key Ingredients</h2><div style="text-align: justify;">The divergence of siomai from shaomai can be attributed to the availability of ingredients and different taste profiles of the local population eating this culinary import. Various variants of the Chinese shaomai use a variety of ingredients such as Shaoxing wine, sesame sauce, water chestnuts, mutton, and other spices that are unavailable or rarely used in Filipino cuisine so the Chinese immigrants decided to improvise as the original ingredients fell out of favor. They further made adjustments to make it more palatable to the locals.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The Filipino variant incorporated seafood like shrimp or crab meat in addition to chilli oil and calamansi soy sauce. The chilli oil used in siomai is based on the Chiu Chow (also known as Chaozhou) chili oil from southern China. Filipinos have a more sour taste profile when it comes to savory foods so the addition of calamansi is part of the evolutionary process.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">These days, we see new variations with the emergence of fried siomai that Chowking (the Chinese fast-food arm of Jollibee) has popularized. Changing the components like replacing wonton with nori seaweeds or adding hardboiled quail eggs. As we're used to the white or yellow wrappers, the 'Japanese' siomai is gaining popularity as it looks different from the usual siomai. Well, it's not the same as the real Japanese shūmai as they never used nori at all.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">While the rest of the world uses chopsticks to pick up their siomai, Filipinos use toothpicks to pick up theirs.</div><h2 style="text-align: justify;">Future Evolution</h2><div style="text-align: justify;">The future of siomai is expected to develop further as Filipinos continue to reinvent this age-old dish that moved away from the frigid wastelands of Mongolia to the cosmopolitan cities of Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangzhou, and eventually to the Queen City of the South.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>References:</b></div></b><i style="font-weight: bold;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><i><a href="https://www.asiaculturaltravel.co.uk/inner-mongolian-local-snacks/">Inner Mongolian Snacks</a></i><i>.</i><i> </i>Asia Cultural Travel.</div></i></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b style="font-weight: bold;"><i><a href="https://www.bitemybun.com/shumai-vs-gyoza/">"Shumai vs. gyoza | Both dumplings, but more different than similar,"</a></i></b> by Joost Nuselder.<b> Bite My Bun.</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b style="font-weight: bold;"><i><a href="https://www.yummy.ph/lessons/cooking/siomai-vs-wonton-vs-dumpling-difference-a00249-20210910-lfrm">"What's The Difference: Siomai Vs. Wonton Vs. Dumpling,"</a></i></b> by Roselle Miranda.<b> Yummy.</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><a href="https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/743106/village-lays-claim-to-siomai-fame">"Village lays claim to ‘siomai’ fame,"</a></i></b> by Irene R. Sino Cruz. <b>Philippine Daily Inquirer.</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i><a href="https://cebuinsights.com/food/filipino-food/chinese-food-cebuanos-love-the-most/">Chinese Food Cebuanos Love the Most</a>.</i> Cebu Insights.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://historyofyesterday.com/how-food-built-and-killed-the-mongol-empire-14a98eb32550"><i>"</i></a></span></b><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><a href="https://historyofyesterday.com/how-food-built-and-killed-the-mongol-empire-14a98eb32550"><i>How Food Built And Killed The Mongol Empire,"</i></a></b> by Erik Brown. <b>History of Yesterday.</b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><div style="text-align: justify;"><i><a href="https://theworldinapocket.com/contentindex/vn569d8l71t9l03y4w40it8gvbsxw9#:~:text=2nd%20century%20AD%20The%20Chinese,%2C%20siopao%2C%20and%20siu%20mai.">History of the Philippines & its Food: A Timeline.</a></i> The World in a Pocket.</div></b></span></span></div></div>JP Canonigohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03867309680955928358noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2148827822363692190.post-4955861041067261332022-06-10T11:15:00.007+08:002023-10-04T15:03:30.205+08:00Finding the Oldest Film on Cebu<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="263" data-original-width="100%" height="100%" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOFTGYZNra3NhRQkty11tH-6OJjBNHZRR7XyqrVWusf-U8J4Zp2vLQRo85iF5pg8oMzpsr1c5BbAVn_JVpMk7U08ycpS3vE9vOUn0AFBtbQNy8lVKIAa0WwoYrUJ-5vkahiFRjb0bakSB2PntcC-e9lMWdPmbAvzgTfgzDXxHL-yee6Ouu2qVmdlvM-g/w640-h328/abaca%201.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="100%" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Women and children weaving abaca fibers (c) Daang Dokyu</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">We know that Cebu has a rich historical and cultural heritage as it's arguably the oldest city in the Philippines. Yet despite its stature, there seems to be a lot of blanks when it comes to the visual records of the city's past unlike Manila, which has become the capital of the country and center of commerce and politics.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Looking back to the past, you will see that most old photos were taken by the Americans by the early 1900s and it's even rare to find a visual representation of what was life like once when the Spanish were still in charge. That said, it is even next to impossible to find really old films showing what Cebu was like from the 1900s to the 1920s. Even if some <a href="http://www.positivelyfilipino.com/magazine/the-oldest-filipino-film">purported old films show up on YouTube searches</a>, many are not properly identified.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">If there were films about Cebu, they would have been destroyed during the war or by themselves since old films tend to degrade very very fast if they are not properly stored. What makes it worse is that these were also volatile and highly flammable. That's why many old films from the Philippines were lost for good and even if some still exist, many are locked in storage in various film archives in the United States and other Western countries. It's sad that we don't get to see actual moving images of people, places, and events more than a century ago.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Until now...</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><h2 style="text-align: justify;"><b>Uncovering the Lost Gems</b></h2><div style="text-align: justify;">In 2020, the <a href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCkfOFWxJA3zrVY4VZgETdwA">"Daang Dokyu"</a> film festival hosted a fundraising event with the aim of saving money to fund the <a href="https://www.bworldonline.com/editors-picks/2020/02/07/277181/bringing-documentaries-home/">preservation of some of the oldest documentary films</a> in the Philippines. These films are locked inside the British Film Institute for safekeeping and restoration. However, it never saw the light of day until it was discovered by the Philippine Studies program of the SOAS University of London.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The rare 35mm films that are to be restored or remastered include two 1911 silent film documentaries <a href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1195682/"><i>"Industrie De L’abaca A L’ile De Cebu"</i></a> (Abaca, Its Culture and Use in the Philippines) and <i><a href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt8210708/">"Fabrication Des Chapeaux De Manille"</a></i> (Making Manila Hats). Two other 1920s films were also included: <i>"Manila Street Scene"</i> (1926) and <i><a href="https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b7a1ebf78">"Glimpses Of The Culion Leper Colony And Of Culion Life"</a></i> (<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ya-HpUa1DwY">1929</a>).</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The Cebu documentary was produced by French film producer Pathé Frères (Compagnie Genérale des Établissements Pathé Frères Phonographes & Cinématographes) and distributed in the United States under General Film Company. When it was shown in the US on April 30, 1912 (and perhaps some of the movie houses in the Philippines including <a href="https://www.istoryadista.net/2021/02/lost-landmarks-of-cebu-theaters-of.html">Teatro Junquera</a>), it would have been a split reel along with the comedies <i>"À la française"</i> (1912) and <i>"Betty Is Worse Than Ever"</i> (1910).</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Aside from the French film, <a href="https://ncca.gov.ph/about-ncca-3/subcommissions/subcommission-on-the-arts-sca/cinema/history-of-philippine-cinema/">another lost film to have featured Cebu</a> was made by Herbert Wyndham when he made a travelogue on a <a href="https://www.istoryadista.net/2021/12/the-tempests-wrath-short-history-of.html">typhoon that hit Cebu in 1912</a>. It was made shortly after the abaca documentary.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><h2 style="text-align: justify;">Why Preserve These Films</h2><div style="text-align: justify;">As mentioned above, <a href="https://gistph.com/2020/02/11/help-bring-home-the-oldest-existing-philippine-documentaries/">these rare films</a> give us an insight into what was life like then. These are windows to the past to help us understand how people lived and what were their dreams and aspirations. Life was simple then yet the problems they faced are still the same problems we have to solve over and over again.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">According to organizers, <a href="https://entertainment.inquirer.net/365569/oldest-ph-docu-returns-home-from-london">the films don’t come cheap</a> so they have to collect those that are in good condition. Some of the other films also need restoration and would require another fundraising effort. Once we lose all these films, it would be like a piece of you gone forever.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="480" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/_DOQnhuk_fA" title="YouTube video player" width="640"></iframe></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Some of the films are so degraded that it's almost unwatchable. Finding ways to restore it would probably need expert film archivists and even advanced AI technology to restore the damaged parts, particularly in the case of the Culion Colony documentary.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="480" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/ya-HpUa1DwY" title="YouTube video player" width="640"></iframe></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">However, I can't seem to find someone posting the film on YouTube or any other video-sharing sites. I even search some of the mentioned film archives, the National Library, or the US Library of Congress to see a video of the film but can't seem to find it.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="100%" data-original-width="100%" height="100%" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjswEckg1tC3jNGG2tErB3smIYVUXaC9knLN8WqWSKMylf8WLalbX7M81YtSMTwxx8ufYoCCAboA8mTl_eUd8adPd2vAI2YBeWOsY6rEv52U_wOj3h39gxzwkZTQ9udvmtlvLAzLa_F8o0rdz2yx41nGNm3Pf1jYyyNS6nUOj5SxJwyFlOfURVoDYyyxw/w640-h328/abaca%202.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="100%" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Man placing abaca fibers on a drying rack (c) Daang Dokyu</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">There are screengrabs of what the film looks like posted somewhere and these are the only glimpse that I can find about this elusive and hard-to-find century-old film. It's not even posted on <a href="https://daangdokyu.ph/documentaries">Daang Dokyu's website</a> or <a href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCkfOFWxJA3zrVY4VZgETdwA">YouTube channel</a> yet. For now, we will probably have to wait until these are shown to the public soon.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">It's good to know that they are currently in the process of curating old documentaries on the Philippines so that we can see for ourselves some of the '<a href="https://www.adobomagazine.com/events/events-dang-dokyu-celebrates-filipino-stories-and-premieres-as-the-first-philippine-documentary-festival/">lost and forgotten histories</a> of documentary film and video in the country.'</div>JP Canonigohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03867309680955928358noreply@blogger.com0